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Aldoketoreductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is a functional prostaglandin F synthase and a negative modulator of the availability of ligands for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). AKR1C3 expression is known to be associated with adiposity, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of AKR1C3 in the adipose tissue and adipocytes and to investigate its potential role in the metabolic syndrome. Using microarray analysis and realtime PCR, we studied the expression of AKR1C3 in adipose tissue samples from obese subjects with or without metabolic complications, during very low calorie diet-induced weight loss, and its expression in isolated human adipocytes of different sizes. The adipose tissue AKR1C3 expression levels were marginally lower in obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome compared with the levels in healthy obese subjects when analyzed using microarray (p = 0.078) and realtime PCR (p < 0.05), suggesting a secondary or compensatory effect. The adipose tissue mRNA levels of AKR1C3 were reduced during and after dietinduced weight-loss compared to the levels before the start of the diet (p < 0.001 at all time-points). The gene expression of AKR1C3 correlated with both adipose tissue mRNA levels and serum levels of leptin before the start of the diet (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, large adipocytes displayed a higher expression of AKR1C3 than small adipocytes (1.5-fold, p < 0.01). In conclusion, adipose tissue AKR1C3 expression may be affected by metabolic disease, and its levels are significantly reduced in response to dietinduced weight loss and correlate with leptin levels.
Background. Youth nutrition and their nutritional status are conditioned by many factors, some of the main ones being: economic, social, climatic, cultural, and psychological factors as well as nutritional knowledge. With the growing problem of overweight and obesity among children and young people, the incidence of the metabolic syndrome is also increasing. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of demographic, sociological and psychological factors on the incidence of obesity among 17–18-year-old adolescents from Wroclaw and vicinity as a major risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in three upper-secondary schools in Wroclaw, Poland. In the surveyed group (17-18 years old, n = 269) girls accounted for 59.5% and boys constituted 40.5%. Majority of young people were Wroclaw citizens (72.9%). Centile charts elaborated by the Children’s Memorial Health Institute were adopted for the evaluation of anthropometric parameters. Evaluation of the impact of non-dietary factors on the manner of nutrition was carried out using own questionnaire. Results. Based on the tests, abdominal obesity was determined among 34.5% of adolescents aged 17 years and among 65.5% of these aged 18 years. Obesity was more common in girls carrying genetic burden of the disease. Youth with the largest waist circumference most often declared to use slimming diets - 6.7%, and the lowest hunger sensation in stress - 3.4%. In addition, 30.5% of the adolescents with the smallest waist circumference and 11.5% with the largest waist circumference declared to be non-smoking. Occasional alcohol consumption was declared by 30.1% of young people with the smallest waist circumference, and 13.4% with the largest waist circumference. Conclusions. Youth with abdominal obesity significantly more likely than those with normal waist circumference applied slimming diets. Significant impact on the formation of abdominal obesity among girls had inherited disease burden.
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Obesity, the pandemic of XXIst century

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A comprehensive review about the current situation in obesity and its consequences. The authors in the first parts of the paper define obesity, describe the methods for assessment of obesity and the amount of fat in the body and discuss the question if obesity itself is a disease or not. According to their view obesity is not a disease but a pathological condition caused by a disturbance of appetite regulation, as well as a gateway to many diseases. In the next part they present the most important data about the epidemiology of obesity in the world and in Europe. The consequences of obesity depend on the distribution pattern of the fat in the human body. Upper body obesity associated with visceral accumulation of fat is more dangerous as compared with mild gluteal obesity in young women. The subsequent chapters copmprise a simple overview of the pathogensis of obesity from the point of view of the energy metabolism and the genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors involved in the development of obesity. The consequences of obesity heavily increase health care and indirect economic costs in rich countries. The most important among these are type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart diseas, hypertension, stroke and gout. The treatment of obesity is often a troublesome and frutrating process both for health-care providers and the affected people. Therefore the psychological and social aspects of overeating are of crucial importance to understand obesity and to elaborate successful ways to prevent it.
Recently the common adiponutrin (PNPLA3) polymorphism p.I148M has been identified as a genetic determinant of severe forms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Additionally, insulin resistance - linked to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - increases the risk of developing gallstones. Here we assessed whether the PNPLA3 p.I148M (c.444 C>G) polymorphism affects glucose and lipid levels and increases gallstone risk. We analysed 229 individuals with gallstones from 108 families (age 24-80 years, BMI 17-55 kg/m2) and 258 gallstone-free controls (age 20-70 years, BMI 14-43 kg/m2). Fasting glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol serum levels were determined. The p.I148M polymorphism was genotyped using a PCR-based assay with 5'-nuclease and fluorescence detection. Case-control association tests and nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis in sib-pairs were performed. Individuals carrying the [GG] genotype had significantly (P<0.0001) higher median fasting glucose levels as compared to [GC] and [CC] carriers. After adjustment for multiple testing, we detected a trend for an association between triglyceride levels and variant adiponutrin in gallstone patients (P=0.032), and gallstone cases carrying the genotype [CC] presented with significantly higher triglyceride levels than the corresponding controls (P<0.003). No significant effects on cholesterol metabolism were detected. Neither genotype distributions nor NPL scores provided evidence for association or linkage between the PNPLA3 variant and gallstones. In conclusion, homozygous carriers of the PNPLA3 risk allele display higher fasting glucose. Although this adiponutrin variant may affect triglyceride homeostasis, it does not increase the risk of cholelithiasis.
The objective is to investigate the importance of perceived health risk for consumers’ preferences to purchase functional food without and with genetically modified technology. An interview-assisted questionnaire on attitudes towards the metabolic syndrome, potential agro-food technologies and genetics in nutrition was applied within a Polish representative sample of 1005 adults. There was a tendency to consider central obesity as medium-risk condition (34.5%), high blood pressure as high and very high-risk condition (42.4%), high stress level as both medium- (34.0%) and high and very high-risk conditions (38.1%). Both high cholesterol and high blood sugar were considered as low- (34.2% and 39.5%, relatively) and high- and very high-risk conditions (36.7% and 34.2%, relatively). The functional food products were preferred by higher amount of respondents in comparison with the same functional products including genetic modifications. The perceived health risks related to metabolic syndrome correlated with intentions to eat only two products representing functional food produced with and without using GM tecnology – poultry and butter.
The main features of the metabolic syndrome are obesity, insulin resistance and disturbed lipid metabolism. The same disturbances are regarded to be involved into the pathomechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which is shown by epidemiological studies and animal models. Thus NAFLD can be regarded a specific feature of the metabolic syndrome and it should be looked for in high risk populations.
Background. Abnormal body mass and related metabolic disorders may affect female reproductive health. Objectives. To determine the prevalence of under- and overweight, and also related metabolic disorders, among women at procreative age in Warsaw. Materials and Methods. 164 non-pregnant women at procreative age (20-49 years) living in Warsaw, who in 2011-2012 participated in the WAW-KARD cross-sectional study of the Warsaw population, assigned to 3 age groups: 20-29 years (n=17), 30-39 years (n=78) and 40-49 years (n=69). Results. Under- and overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity was found in respectively 1.2%, 25%, 12.2% and 37.2% of the participants. Prevalence of excessive body mass tended to increase with age. Hypercholesterolemia was shown in 42.7% of the whole group and was particularly widespread in the oldest females (56.5%). Prevalence of low serum HDL-cholesterol levels (found in 13.4% of the whole group) tended to increase with age, on the borderline of statistical significance. The mean fasting glucose level was 5.0 ± 0.4 mmol/l and tended to increase with age. Impaired fasting glucose concerned 7.7% and 10.6% of females in age groups of 30-39 and 40-49 years respectively, and diabetes 4.4% of females 40-49 years old. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the whole group was 10.4% and 7.3% respectively; prevalence of MS tended to increase with age, on the borderline of statistical significance. Conclusions. Overweight and obesity, especially of abdominal type, are prevalent in women at procreative age in Warsaw. Disturbances of lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as arterial hypertension and MS, are also frequent. Prevalence of many of them tended to increase with age. Some of the women exhibited diabetes.
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The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise

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Regular exercise offers protection against all cause mortality and there is evidence from randomised intervention studies that physical training is effective as a treatment in patients with chronic heart diseases, type 2 diabetes and symptoms related to the metabolic syndrome. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer are associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. It has been demonstrated that regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory effects with elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of TNF-alpha production. Thereby, exercise offers protection against TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance. Otherwise, the exercise-induced production and release of IL-6 from myofibers may contribute to abrogate an atherogenic lipid profile, which is often associated with chronic diseases. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and how this may contribute to mediate the beneficial health effects of exercise training in patients with chronic diseases associated with chronic low-grade inflammation.
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