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Apparently, we never know what effects past formal and informal meetings or official and casual conversations have, and the flowers that blossom from them. This essay deals with the issues connected to the broad realm of human cognition, its logical or inborn premises and conceptual backgrounds, in the context of the essence of a thirst for knowledge. Selected parts of the philosophical domain of epistemology (e.g. materialistic, idealistic, realistic, Cartesian, Kantian, phenomenological) are presented, as well as cognitive perspectives (especially regarding Heidegger's three scopes of the world opening for our recognition, i.e. the thing as a physical presence, the thing as a problem to solve, and the thing as a fact remaining beyond any human empirical experience) based on some scientific branches such as the history of travelling, anthropology, sociology, cultural studies and physics. Finally, the syncretic portrait of a certain scientist is shown as a structural conclusion of the text. All the reflections in the article should be read as though it were a report of a feast, which reminds one either of a common reception or an intellectual meeting for various gourmets. That would be bitter, filled-with-joy, abstemious, romantic-andrational (like that well-known collocation 'sense-and-sensibility'), postulating and, in the end, eclectic (embodying many cognitive features / scientific attitudes, namely: positivistic, exploring, connoisseur, contemplative, creative). Moreover, this paper outlines several dimensions of human cognition which are sketched as substantial conclusions crowning each chapter. To put it in a nutshell, human cognition appears to be (i) a journey, (ii) an urgent need, (iii) a sort of dialogue, (iv) a search for a context and a selection of reality, (v) an attitude and a point of view, (vi) a philosophy of life and (vii) an epistemological pretext and an ontological supporting column.
The last review of the literature on nutrition in Polish children covered the years 1980-1995. From that time living conditions in Poland have changed due to political and economic changes. Attitudes toward eating and healthy life-style have also changed. Therefore, it is necessary to summarise current knowledge about what Polish preschool children eat. The aim of this article was to present the areas of research on nutrition in Polish preschool children based on the review of the literature, and to present and summarise the results of the studies on the assessment of preschool menus. The review of the literature showed two main areas of research on nutrition in Polish preschool children: the assessment of meals planned and served to children at preschools, and the assessment of food behaviour and daily food and nutrient intake in preschool children. Studies on energy and nutrient content of preschool menus should be carried out regularly in order to improve nutrition of children during their stay at preschool and vegetarian menus should be studied to fill the gap in the literature. The methodology of assessing preschool meals should be the same in order to provide the possibility to compare both the results and the conclusions. Preschool menus should be adjusted to the needs of 3-year-old children and 4-6-year-old children separately. The nation-wide education programme for preschool staff should be worked out and implemented in order to teach the preschool staff about the current nutrition recommendations for children, as well as the nutritional needs of 3-year-old children and 4-6-year-old children.
Background. In order to improve the quality of nutrition in care and educational institutions, in year 2015 a restrictive law regulation was introduced. The following year this regulation was withdrawn, and a new legal policy has been introduced. However, data on the impact of these legislations on nutrition in kindergartens are lacking. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the compliance with mandatory nutrition recommendations in preschools. Material and methods. The study included 706 institutions. Data were collected during the periods when two consecutive Regulation of the Minister of Health were in force (I - 01.09.2015 - 31.08. 2016 and II - 01.09.2016 to 30.05.2017). Data were obtained by face-to-face interviews with staff with a validated questionnaire. Parameters characterizing the quality of nutrition were analyzed with focus on compliance with legal regulations. 706 decade’s menus and 7060 daily inventory reports were analyzed to verify information on vegetables and fruit supply, frequency of frying and type of fat used, sweetening and salting practices. Statistical significances were determined in Statistica 13.1 with t-Student and Chi2 tests (p< 0.05). Results. The preschools have implemented regulations concerning the supply of fresh fruit and vegetables (~93%), the amount of fried dish per week (~75%), and the use of suitable frying fat (~95%). About half of institutions managed to serve vegetables and/or fruits in every meal. Compliance with the regulations on sweetening and salting was unsatisfactory: about ¼ of institutions used banned sugar, and 46% regular salt. Conclusions. Legislations influenced nutrition practices in preschools, but additional support is needed to bring all institutions into compliance with the current policies. The current law regulations are general, and allow a great flexibility in planning menus, which might has an adverse effect on menus quality. Therefore, nutrition education and more detailed mandatory nutrition standards for kindergartens are crucial.
W pracy dokonano analizy podstawowych składników odżywczych w całodziennych racjach pokarmowych wydawanych młodzieży mieszkających w internatach w oparciu o analizę 15 jadłospisów dekadowych pobranych do badań z 3 istniejących internatów w powiecie sokólskim w latach 2001 – 2005.
Dokonano oceny jakościowej sposobu żywienia (metodą punktową wg Bielińskiej i wg Szewczyńskiego) kohorty studentów AMB. Wykazano, że większość jadłospisów była niepoprawnie zestawiona, dominowały posiłki węglowodanowo-tłuszczowe.
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