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In onion, seven stages of umbel development were distinguished with regard to the size of umbels, flower buds and developmental stages of male and female gametophytes. At the beginning of blooming, the stage at which buds are most often collected for induction of gynogenesis, flower bud length ranged from 2.0 to 5.0 mm, and the stages from archesporial cell to mature embryo sac were observed in the ovules. Microspores and bicellular pollen grains were observed in the anthers. Flower bud size was not an accurate indicator of pollen development. Buds of the same size but originating from umbels at different developmental stages were characterized by different stages of pollen development.
The antipodals of the mature embryo sacs of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm.), as well as those of the embryo sacs developing after reciprocal cross pollination of these taxa were investigated. In a single embryo sac there were on average 14 antipodals in triticale and 18,5 in wheat. The endoreduplication cycles were stated in the antipodal nuclei. Before the pollination they led to a maximum degree of ploidy 8n in triticale and 16n in wheat. Within three days after the pollination a number of the antipodal nuclei reached 256n in the triticale ♀ x wheat ♂ cross and 512n in the reciprocal cross. The polytene chromosomes resulted from a gradual condensation of chromatin with the increasing degree of ploidy. They were the only type of the chromatin organization found in all the antipodal nuclei over 32n degree of ploidy. In both crosses the first signs of disintegration of the antipodal apparatus were found three days after the pollination. At that time the cellularization of the initially coenocitic endosperm was starting in the triticale ♀ x wheat ♂ cross. By contrast, the latter process was withheld in the reciprocal cross, which together with other disturbances of the endosperm development caused almost complete kernels sterility. The possibility of improper interaction of the mother derived antipodal apparatus with the hybrid endosperm was discussed.
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