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Samples of peanuts, hazelnuts and walnuts were covered with a pullulan coating prepared from 10% anhydrous solution of pullulan. The pullulan was obtained from a batch culture of a white mutant of Aureobasidium pullulans B-1. Over 90 days of nuts storage at a room temperature, analyses were carried out for changes in the acid and peroxide numbers of fat extracted from the nuts, as well as for changes in nut mass loss. The pullulan coating applied was found to exert a positive impact on the reduction of physicochemical changes occurring in the stored nuts. It inhibited processes of hydrolytic rancidity and oxidation of fat of the nuts. It had especially beneficial effect on walnuts, in which it inhibited the negative changes in lipids over the entire storage period. It was also observed that mass losses of the coated nuts were smaller and occurred in substantially shorter time span as compared to the uncoated nuts.
High density solid biofuel from oil palm biomass. Large quantities of oil palm biomass available can significantly become the important source for renewable energy in Malaysia in the form of pellet or briquette. Nonetheless, lignocellulosic biomass should be treated to increase their energy efficiency prior to the combustion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of torrefaction treatment on the weight loss and energy properties of oil palm biomass (oil palm trunk and empty fruit bunch). The lignocellulosic biomass was torrefied at three different temperatures (200 to 300 °C) within 15 to 45 min. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimization of torrefaction conditions, to determine the maximum energy properties and minimum weight loss. Results showed that heating values of biomass was affected by treatment severity (cumulated effect of temperature and time). While the reaction temperature had a strong impact on the energy density of torrefied biomass, the effect of treatment time was considerably lesser under the torrefaction conditions used in this study. It was demonstrated that each biomass type had its own unique set of operating conditions to achieve the same product quality. The optimized torrefaction conditions were verified empirically and applicability of the model was confirmed. The results of this study could be used as a guide for the production of high density solid biofuel from oil palm biomass. Conclusively, high density solid biofuel from oil palm biomass can be produced using torrection method.
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