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The aim of the studies was to establish a relationship between apple mass, impact initial velocity and energy level causing damage of apple flesh tissue. The apples were dropped on a flat, rigid surface at different combinations of fruit mass and drop height. Then the apples were stored at a room temperature for 5 days, after which they were classified as bruised and unbruised. The analysis was also carried out, using nonlinear regression, in order to find the function which would determine the most accurately the limit between the bruised and unbruised apples.
There are instances in which it is desirable to determine the relationships between various physical attributes of fruit. For example, fruits are often graded on the basis of size and projected area, but it may be more economical to develop a machine which would grade by mass or volume. Therefore, the relationships between mass/volume (either mass or volume) and other physical attributes of fruit are needed. In this study, three Iranian local varieties of loquat fruits were selected and the various models for predicting mass/volume of loquat fruit from its dimensions, projected area and volume/mass were established. The models were divided into three classes: 1. single and multiple variable regressions of loquat fruit dimensions, 2. single and multiple variable regressions of projected areas, 3. estimating loquat fruit mass/volume based on its volume/mass. The results revealed that mass and volume modeling on the basis of intermediate diameter, on any projected area, and the meas­ured volume are the best models. Based on the results, mass and volume modeling, respectively on the basis of the actual volume and one projected area, were identified as the best models. The highest determination coefficient in all the models was ob­tained for mass modeling based on measured volume as R2 = 0.99. Finally, volume modeling from an economical standpoint was recommended as the most reliable modeling.
Plumage is regularly replaced over the lifetime of birds, and, consequently, variable conditions experienced during plumage development can affect feather growth rate or the expression of feather characteristics. We assessed intra-individual constancy in the length, mass, and growth rate of tail feathers between complete moults of 13 free-living individual Blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla. Between-moult repeatability was high for the length and mass, but not for growth rate of individual tail feathers. The feathers produced in the later moult grew at a slower rate, which shows that the time to produce similar feathers increases with age.
The research of mineral fertilization effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge has been carried out in 2004–2006. It was found that potassium fertilization had the biggest influence on the amount of dry root mass changeability. The evaluation of mineral fertilizer effect of biological active compounds gave ambiguous results. In the raw material of Polish cultivation origin the phenolic acids and tanshinones, which determine the healing properties of Salvia miltiorrhiza, were noticed. In the roots the tanshinone IIA occurred to be the dominating substance from diterpenes group. The weather conditions significantly influenced the amount of biological active compounds.
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Physical properties of wild mango fruit and nut

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Physical properties of two wild mango varieties were studied at 81.9 and 24.5% moisture (w.b.) for the fruits and nuts, respectively. The shape and size of the fruit are the same while that of nuts differs at P = 0.05. The mass, density and bulk density of the fruits are statistically different at P = 0.05 but the volume is the same. The shape and size, volume and bulk density of the nuts are statistically the same at P = 0.05. The nuts of both varieties are also the same at P = 0.05 in terms of mass and density. The packing factor for both fruits and nut of the two varieties are the same at 0.95. The relevant data obtained for the two varieties would be useful for design and development of machines and equipment for processing and handling operations.
The seeds of barley, oat, rye, and two varieties of wheat were studied during wetting thereof with special respect to changes in their mass and dimensions. Two levels of wetting were used: 6-h wetting close to the end of imbibition, and 24-h wetting close to the start of germination. The results of these experiments show that the measured quantities can be well described by the Gaussian distribution. Gaussian distribution is applied for description of the wetting effects that can be well approximated also by a second-degree polynomial of the initial state. Even though an increase in the mass, length, width, and thickness was the main effect of wetting, opposite trends in some dimensionally dependentcases were also observed. Drying of the wetted specimens led to a state that differed only slightly (less than 1%) from the initial state. Among the dimensional characteristics, the highest changes were observed in the grain length.
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