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1

Seasonal diet of pine marten Martes martes in southern boreal Sweden

100%
Helldin J. O.
Acta Theriologica
|
2000
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tom 45
|
nr 3
The seasonal diet of pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) in southern boreal Sweden was studied by analyses of scats and digestive tract contents collected over a 6-year period. The diet was diverse; whereas microtines was the single most important food category, also shrews, hares, birds, insects, and berries were frequently consumed. The diet of pine marten varied seasonally but the consumption of small mammals (microtines and shrews) and hares was relatively stable over the year, and may be regarded as a year-round staple for marten. The winter diet differed from most other Fennoscandian studies in that it contained more berries and insects, and less squirrels and cervids. This may be explained by the general lack of snow, and by the dense marten population, during the years of the study. Among birds passerines were most frequent; tetraonids were consumed mainly in winter. The food niche was broadest in winter and decreased over summer.
2

Occurrence and activity of American martens Martes americana in relation to roads and other routes

100%
Robitaille J. F., Aubry K.
Acta Theriologica
|
2000
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tom 45
|
nr 1
In order to clarify the relationship between American martens Martes americana (Turton, 1806), and roads in boreal forests, we tested the effect of distance from road on marten habitat use by comparing the frequency of occurrence, and the number of, marten snow tracks in 27 pairs of 300 and 400 m transect segments perpendicular to access roads, and corresponding segments 800 or 1000 m away from the road, for a total of four spatial analyses. The number of black spruce Picea mariana, stems was generally lower near roads (—94.0 < Ts < —63.0, p < 0.05), but otherwise forest composition generally did not differ significantly between road and forest segments. Depending on the spatial scale, 11-14 road and 15 - 18 forest (out of 27) segments had marten tracks, but the difference was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, p > 0.05). In all analyses, marten tracks were significantly fewer near roads (Wilcoxon test: -74.0 < Ts < -62.0, p < 0.01) than away from roads. In segments with tracks, track density was significantly lower near roads than away from roads in three of four spatial analyses (-3.3 < Ts < -2.9, p < 0.01). The findings suggest that snow track samples near roads can detect marten occurrence, but do not reflect the clumping pattern observed away from roads. Habitat selection studies using tracks should consider the possible effect of roads on marten movement patterns.
3

Lure sticks as a method to detect pine martens Martes martes

84%
Burki S., Roth T., Robin K., Weber D.
Acta Theriologica
|
2010
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tom 55
|
nr 3
223-230
Marten species are usually surveyed by trapping, snow tracking or cameratrapping with baits on trees. While testing the efficiency of a monitoring scheme for wildcats Felis silvestris silvestris in north-western Switzerland, we noticed that martens are attracted by lure sticks scented with valerian. On these sticks, the animals leaved some hairs that allowed us to identify the genus Martes by microscopic analysis. Additionally, the animal can be identified on pictures made by a camera trap posed close to the lure stick. In this paper, we compared the efficiency of different methods to find the most appropriate one in order to survey the pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) in Switzerland. For the method of valerian lure sticks we estimated a detectability of 0.08 per 14 days during the whole year. The detectability raised, when we applied American Hawbaker’s marten lure instead of the valerian tincture. In addition, the detectability was higher during the period April to June (p=0.2) compared to the whole year. If we identified the pine marten on the lure stick with pictures from the camera traps we reached a detectability of 0.21 during the whole year. Using only camera traps with baits on trees we could not take any picture of a pine marten.
4

A long-term study of the winter food niche of the pine marten Martes martes in northern boreal Finland

84%
Pulliainen E., Ollinmaki P.
Acta Theriologica
|
1996
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tom 41
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nr 4
The diet of the pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied during 16 successive winters in an uninhabited area in northern boreal Finland. The results are based on 5677 scats analyzed. The present data support earlier findings that the pine marten is an opportunistic generalist, its most favoured food apparently being small rodents, especially Clethrionamys spp. The significant year-to-year variation in the frequency of occurrence of this favoured prey in the diet of the marten correlated positively with summer trapping numbers for these species. Snow cover decreased the martens' consumption of Microtus spp, but not Clethrionomys spp. or the wood lemming Myopus schisticolor. The first real alternative in the absence of small rodents appeared to be the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, and in its absence carcasses of reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus and eggs. Other food items included birds, the mountain hare Lepus tímidas, the common frog Rana temporaria, berries and mush­rooms. There was some evidence that the occurrence of red squirrels in the diet was dependent on the abundance of both squirrels and small rodents. We suggest that in northern boreal Finland martens primarily forage for small rodents, and larger prey, which is less available and more difficult to catch, is captured incidentally.
5

More on the validation of fecal samples for the large-scale study of dietary differences between two sympatric carnivores

84%
Robitaille J. F., Laurence S.
Acta Theriologica
|
2007
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tom 52
|
nr 3
Prey occurrence from stomach and fecal samples were compared in American martenMartes americana Turton, 1806, and fisherM. pennanti Erxleben, 1777. Diets were analyzed from stomach and fecal contents in four sex-age marten groups and four fisher groups, and dietary differences tested between species, sex, age and sample sources. Prey richness was compared between the two sample sources. Relative occurrence of dominant or co-dominant prey items did not differ between stomach and fecal samples in any of the groups. However, both series revealed inter-specific contrasts. Binomial correlations of prey occurrence between sample sources were significantly negative for most prey items. Correlations of prey richness between samples sources were not significant except in larger marten sample. Our results failed to reveal a bias in using fecal sample source. Thus we suggest that diet analyses using either sample source are valid when diets are assessed in a relatively large number of animals.
6

Hunting activity and scent marking of home range by martens [Martes sp.] during the winter season

84%
Goszczynski J., Posluszny M.
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
|
2003
|
tom 45
7

Long-term stability of tawny owl (Strix aluco) population despite varying environmental conditions – a case study from Central Poland

67%
Gryz J., Chojnacka-Ozga L., Krauze-Gryz D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2019
|
tom 67
|
nr 1
Our aim was to determine dynamics in a population of tawny owls Strix aluco over 15-year period, in relation to year-to-year variation in environmental conditions. The research was carried out in a habitat mosaic of fields and forest in central Poland, over the 2004–2018 period. Numbers of pairs (territories) were established by the standard playback survey technique supplemented by searches for nest sites. The selected environmental factors studied in parallel were the acorn production, density changes in field and forest rodents, meteorological conditions in winter and density of martens (Martes spp.). At the start of the study period 20 nest boxes designed for tawny owls were placed out in the study area. This number was enlarged by additional 27 nest boxes placed in 2012. The number of owls in the area remained stable – in the range of 26–29 pairs, despite changes in nesting sites availability. However, moderate influence of rodent density and winter conditions on population abundance was detected. Also, peak in the rodent population coincided with greater clutch size and numbers of young owls reared. Densities of martens remained relatively stable throughout the study period, and there were no reported cases of these carnivores killing tawny owls, despite the former taking shelter in the owl-boxes.
8

Molecular identification of Trichinella britovi in martens (Martes martes) and badgers (Meles meles); new host records in Poland

67%
Moskwa B., Gozdzik K., Bien J., Bogdaszewski M., Cabaj W.
Acta Parasitologica
|
2012
|
tom 57
|
nr 4
Trichinella larvae were detected in a marten (Martes martes) and a badger (Meles meles) in Poland. The animals were found dead following car accidents. All examined animals derived from the Mazurian Lake district, north-east Poland, near the village Kosewo Górne where Trichinella infection were earlier confirmed in wildlife; red foxes and wild boars. The muscle samples were examined by artificial pepsin-HCl digestion method. The parasites were identified as Trichinella britovi by multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. Larvae were found in two out of three martens and one out of seven examined badgers. This is the first report of the identification of Trichinella britovi larvae from martens and badgers in Poland.
9

Foraging by pine marten Martes martes in relation to food resources in Bialowieza National Park, Poland

67%
Jedrzejewski W., Zalewski A., Jedrzejewska B.
Acta Theriologica
|
1993
|
tom 38
|
nr 4
Feeding habits of pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in 1985 - 1992 in the pristine forests of Białowieża National Park, eastern Poland, The study covered 5 years of moderate numbers of forest rodents and 2 years of outbreak and crash. In 1735 analysed scats, rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavi- collis, and Microtus sp.) were staple food for martens, constituting from 50% of biomass consumed in June to over 90% in October - November. Birds (mainly thrushes and woodpeckers) were captured by martens mainly in spring and summer (up to 37% biomass in June). Vegetable matter (Rubus berries, Sorbus aucuparia fruit, mush­rooms) was frequently eaten in July - October (up to 17% biomass in September). Ungulate carcasses were scavenged in winter. Marten preferred the remains of wolf and lynx kills and avoided ungulates that had died from undernutrition and/or disease. Between-year variation in marten diet was shaped by variation in rodent (especially bank vole) numbers. Percent of bank vole biomass in marten diet in autumn-winter was determined by the summer-autumn numbers of these rodents. Martens' consump­tion of mice in the cold season did not reflect the changes in mouse numbers, but it was positively correlated with their preying on bank voles. Spring numbers of mice determined the percentage of biomass of mice in marten diet in spring-summer. Snow cover significantly decreased martens' preying on C. glareolus, but not A. flavicollis and Aficroius sp, In the cold season, insectivores and ungulate carcasses were crucial alternative food for the pine marten and they compensated for the decreased avail­ability of rodents. In spring and summer, birds and fruit were alternative food, the consumption of which negatively correlated with the consumption of rodents. Snow- tracking showed that in their search for prey, martens utilized both fallen and standing trees, and moved on the ground as welt as in the forest canopy. Over 90% of all recorded attacks were on rodents. Marten attacked rodents 4.1 times/km of trail but 35% of attacks failed.
10

Feeding habits and trophic niche overlap in a Carnivora community of Hungary

67%
Lanszki J., Kormendi S., Hancz C., Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1999
|
tom 44
|
nr 4
The seasonal feeding habits of the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758), the stone marten Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777), the stoat Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758, the badger Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) and the otter Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in south-west Hungary, in the course of four years. The habitat conditions, because of human influences, were different in the first and second two years. Diet was examined by scat analysis (238, 262, 67, 50 and 1033 samples, respectively). Small mammals, mainly rodents, were the most important prey for foxes, stone martens and stoats in winter and spring. In summer and autumn insects and fruit were added to fox and marten diet, while birds were added to stoat diet. The badger's main food resources were invertebrates (mainly insects) and maize and, in autumn, rodents. Domestic animals (mainly poultry and rabbit) occurred in the diet of the foxes and martens in all seasons, carcasses (mainly Cervidae) in the diet of these predators and in that of the badgers. The predominant prey of otters was fish, but when the abundance of fish declined, the consumption of amphibians increased. Predation on game birds and hare was not significant. In all seasons, niche overlap was high between foxes, martens and stoats. Niche overlap between these species and the badger increased from spring to autumn. Niche overlap between terrestrial predators and the otter was low. The diet of predators were different between the 1st and 2nd periods.
11

Factors affecting selection of resting site type by pine marten in primeval deciduous forests [Bialowieza National Park, Poland]

67%
Zalewski A.
Acta Theriologica
|
1997
|
tom 42
|
nr 3
The resting site choice of 14 pine martens Marten martes (Linnaeus, 1758) (6 males and 8 females) in Białowieża National Park (BNP), north-eastern Poland, was analysed. The radio-collared martens were located 1,790 times in 877 different resting sites. For both males and females, arboreal resting sites (cavity and nest) constituted over 95% of the resting events. Cavities were used more frequently than nests. Resting site use differed significantly between sexes and seasons. Females rested in nests less often than males (especially in spring), but selected cavities more frequently than did males. Females with young chose only cavities, whereas non-breeding females often rested in nests. Weather conditions influenced the choice of resting sites in various months. For males, temperature was a significant factor from October to May, for females from December to March and in June-July. Martens rested in nests when mean ambient temperatures were higher, in cavities or on the ground when tempera­tures were lower. In summer and winter, when average humidity was high males often rested in cavities or places on the ground. When winds were strong or snow cover was deep, martens chose ground sites. In years of high squirrel density, frequency of nest use by marten increased. During severe winters, frequency of use of ground sites increased. Oak, lime, and spruce trees were frequently used by martens (males - 85.7% and female - 70.6% of all resting sites). Males rested in spruce more often than females, while females used oak and lime more often than males. Martens selected lime and oak, and avoided hornbeam trees. Literature on winter resting sites of pine martens in Europe was reviewed. It was shown that in northern Europe martens rested primarily on the ground. In the temperate zone, martens used cavities in trees (eastern Europe) on nests (western Europe).
12

Food habits and trophic niche overlap of the red fox and the stone marten in a Mediterranean rural area

67%
Serafini P., Lovari S.
Acta Theriologica
|
1993
|
tom 38
|
nr 3
The food habits of the red fox Vulpes uulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) and the stone marten Martes foina (Erxleben, 1777) were studied in a rural hilly area in Siena county, central Italy, using faecal analysis. Both frequency of occurrence and volume of the different foods were quantified. Rodents, especially Apodemus sp., were an important prey for both species. Predation on poultry and game birds was nearly absent, whereas fruits and insects were seasonally taken by both species. Rosaceae fruits were the most eaten plant item. Within this category the fox fed mainly on Malus sp. and Pyrus sp., while the marten showed a preference for Rubus sp. and Sorbus domestica. Only fruits of Prunus spinosa were eaten in comparable quantities. Beetles were well repre­sented in the diet of both carnivores, although they tended to concentrate on different species. Grasshoppers were preyed in small quantity. The overall diet overlap of foxes and stone martens was extensive: a surprising result, if the different body size, loco­motor adaptations and living habits of these carnivores are considered.
13
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Ectoparasites of carnivores in north-eastern Poland

51%
Karbowiak G., Szewczyk T., Werszko J.
Annals of Parasitology
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2016
|
tom 62
|
nr Suppl.
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