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It was shown that the unification of neoplastic nomenclature could be very challenging. It was also noted that neoplastic disease is a dual disease, involving both the presence of neoplastic cells in the organism and the resulting disturbances in the functioning of the immune system. The study also follows the principle that the general markers are examined before the specific ones, especially in neoplasms of unknown origin or those suspected of endocrine secretion, such as carcinoid tumours.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the TRAP assay method of measuring telomerase activity in canine skin neoplasms. Telomerase activity was measured in 57 samples of tumor tissues from operated dogs. The samples were also subjected to histopathology investigations. Telomerase activity was measured using the Telo TAGGG Telomerase PCR ELISA diagnostic kit as well as ROCHE . photometric enzyme immunoassay for quantitative determination of telomerase activity, utilizing the telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). The repetition, sensitivity and specificity of telomerase activity measurements were determined. TRAP assay performed in dogs has high repetition rate within high activity, and lower within small activity. This method is 100% sensitive and 34% specific.
In recent years an increased number of diagnosed cancers in mammals have been noted, mainly in dogs, and has lead to intensive research based on the causes and course of cancers in animals. The development of molecular biological techniques, statistics and bioinformatics has made possible the development of new diagnostic methods. The DNA microarrays is a technique that is prepared for the identification of new mutations within the scale of the whole genome as well as in the determination of the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). A consequence of the development of this method is the creation of RNA microarrays based on transcriptomics technology. Using both of these methods in the scale of whole genome and/or transcriptome leads to describing the causes of oncogenesis induction as well as suggests more efficient methods of therapeutic treatments. In this article the methodological characteristics and possible practical application of DNA and RNA microarrays in research on mammalian oncogenesis has been presented.
The paper describes the morphological and functional differentiation of cancer cells and mentions basic markers combined with that phenomenon. Table 1 presents cariotypic and immunophenotypic changes, neoplastic biomarkers and biological products present within the cells in selected cancer types. The authors also present changes in the cell cycle that leads to cancerogenesis with an emphasis put on the role of so-called genome guardians, i.e. TP53 and RB1 genes, and describe the main epigenetic factors, including the DNA methylation process in CDH1 (cadherin1) gene. The article also shows the morphologic types of proliferative changes: pre-cancer lesions (laesio praecancerosus), pre-cancer states (status praecancerosus) and pre-invasive carcinoma (carcinoma praeinvasivum, carcinoma in situ). A new classification of carcinomas is presented, including tumours originating from: a – a luminal epithelial-like cell line (with typical epithelial markers – E-cadherin, desmoplakin 1), b – a weakly luminal epithelial-like cell line (with a visibly weakened expression of epithelial antigenes) and c – a mesenchymal-like cell line (with the presence of proteins typical for mesenchymal cells – vimentin, N-cadherin, and lack of epithelial-specific antigens). Moreover, the authors extensively describe the so-called epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) that can be observed both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in that process is shown. The cells exhibit an increase in the expression of genes involved in adhesion and angiogenesis and an increased expression of neurotransmitter receptors (adrenaline, noradrenaline).
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