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Zeaxanthin, a C₄₀ xanthophyll carotenoid, has potential biological applications in nutrition and human health. In this study we characterized carotenoid composition in 5 taxonomically related marine bacterial isolates from the genus Muricauda. The pigment was characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry, which confirmed the presence of all-trans-zeaxanthin. Muricauda strains produced zeaxanthin as a predominant carotenoid. M. flavescens JCM 11812T produced highest yield (4.4 ± 0.2 mg L⁻¹) when cultured on marine broth at 32°C for 72 h. This is the first report on the presence of zeaxanthin among the majority of species from the genus Muricauda.
Mutagenic pollution of environment is a global and important problem. This includes marine environment. Although many mutagenicity assays have been developed, there are specific problems with testing marine water and sediments for mutagenic contamination. One of them is the fact that most of genetically modified strains used in commonly available microbiological mutagenicity assays, like Escherichia coli or Salmonella, survive relatively poorly in marine waters, especially those of higher salinity. Thus, alternative assays have been developed, in which bacteria occurring naturally in marine habitats are employed. These assays, reviewed in this article, appear to be useful in testing not only marine samples but also can be used in other approaches, which involve detection and estimation of the amount of mutagenic compounds.
groES and groEL genes encode two co-operating proteins GroES and GroEL, belonging to a class of chaperone proteins highly conserved during evolution. The GroE chaperones are indispensable for the growth of bacteriophage λ in Escherichia coli cells. In order to clone the groEL and groES genes of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi, we constructed the V. harveyi genomic library in the λEMBL1 vector, and selected clones which were able to complement mutations in both groE genes of E. coli for bacteriophage λ growth. Using Southern hybridization, in one of these clones we identified a DNA fragment homologous to the E. coli groE region. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this fragment showed that the cloned region contained a sequence in 71.7% homologous to the 3' end of the groEL gene of E. coli. This confirmed that the λ clone indeed carries the groE region of V. harveyi. The positive result of our strategy of cloning with the use of the genomic library in λ vector suggests that the same method might be useful in the isolation of the groE homologues from other bacteria. The V. harveyi cloned groE genes did not suppress thermosensitivity of the E. coli groE mutants.
The efficiency of utilization of low molecular weight organic molecules by neustonic and planktonic bacteria inhabiting the waters of the Gdańsk Deep region has been determined. The most intensive growth was observed in the presence of amino acids, while carbohydrates and organic acids were utilized less actively. Glutamic acid, asparatic acid, histidine, glycine, cysteine and calcium lactate were the most suitable sources of carbon and energy for the bacteria. Significant differences in the level of intensity of assimilation of low molecular weight organic molecules by bacteria inhabiting various water layers occurred.
This paper presents results of chemical and bacteriological examinations of surface and subsurface water layers of estuarine lake Gardno. The obtained data indicate that there are substantial differences in chemical compound concentrations and also bacteria number and activity between the water layers under investigation. Particularly great differences between microlayers and subsurface water refer to concentrations of organic phosphorus and nitrogen. It was found that bacteria number was greater in surface water layers than in subsurface water. Significant differences among the studied chemical and bacteriological parameters were revealed between particular sites across lake Gardno. The number of freshwater, brackish and marine bacteria in the water of lake Gardno was up to chlorides concentration.
Bioluminescence, the phenomenon of light production by living organisms, occurs in forms of life as various as bacteria, fungi and animals. Nevertheless, light-emitting bacteria are the most abundant and widespread of luminescent organisms. Interestingly, most species of such bacteria live in marine environments. In this article, the biochemical mechanism of bacterial luminescence and its genetic regulation are summarized. Although the biochemistry and genetics of light emission by cells have been investigated in detail, the biological role of bacterial luminescence has remained obscure. Here, we discuss recent discoveries that shed new light on this problem. Finally, we provide examples of how bacterial luminescence can be employed in marine biotechnology, especially in the detection of toxic and mutagenic pollution in aquatic environments.
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