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This paper uses GIS to describe and evaluate forest fire risk considering the most important factors affecting fire behavior at fine scales. The study was implemented in Yeşilova Forestry Enterprise in the Mediterranean city of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. To determine an overall fire risk index for the study area, fire risk rating (extreme, high, moderate, or low) was assigned to decision variables (i.e. species composition, stand development stage, stand crown closure, slope, insolation, settlements, and roads) according to their risk potentials. Additionally, the visibility analysis of fire towers was carried out for monitoring of forests in the case study area. Finally, visibility analysis and a forest fire risk map were evaluated together for determining the efficiency of fire towers. Results indicated that more than half of the total forested area (65.7%) was classified as low category in the fire risk map. According to visibility analysis, the existing fire tower was able to monitor only 37% of forest areas; therefore, it was essential to consider new fire towers for monitoring the overall study area. After locating a potential new fire tower in the study area, it was found that about 71.8% of the area was with the visible zones of two fire towers.
Genetic algorithms represent an up-to-date method of process optimalization, where other solutions have failed or haven’t given any satisfactory results. One of these processes is automatic placement of map symbols in such a way so that no symbols should mutually overlay. A genetic algorithm solving this task including an exact formulation and a definition of the initial conditions has been described in this paper. The algorithm efficiency will be tested in diploma works in Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology.
In large irrigation projects, observing and evaluating groundwater depth (GWD) for crop production is crucial. To accomplish these goals, GWDs are measured over certain time intervals, especially during irrigation season, when depth and level maps are prepared and analyses on the target are made. These maps are used for a multi-year observation of GWD. In this study, we present an alternative method that can be used for multi-year lowest GWD evaluations. The method evaluated the spatial and temporal relationships among the classes of GWD in the study area, in their typical locations (areas where the GWD classes are most frequently located), and the alternative GWD classes in those locations in any of the years of the analyzed time-series. As a case study, the method was applied to data of the multi-year (1990–2000) GWD observations in the Mustafakemalpasa (MK P) irrigation project (19.370 ha), which is located in the Marmara Region (northwest Turkey). The most widespread typical GWD class for the analyzed time period was identified as GWD-III (between 101–200 cm), which covered 98.18% of the total area.
The morphological analysis has been used to identify the erosion-prone sites in the Sher river basin which is one of the sub-basins of the greater Narmada basin, Madhya Pradesh, India. The Sher river basin has been divided into the forty five sub-basins of fourth order and fourteen sub-basin areas representing fifth, sixth and seventh order streams. The various morphological parameters have been derived for Sher river basin and its derived sub-basins to describe their topographical conditions, drainage patterns and their probable response to the runoff. The erosional risk prone map for the study area has been prepared using Texture-Slope Index and the erosional scale of the basin has been prepared using the same index. The derived erosional scale has been arranged into ‘0’ to ‘100’ numerical scale in which the base values ‘0’ and ‘100’ denote the least and the highest erosion prone areas respectively. Comparative study of the subbasins has been carried out by use of developed erosional scale. Classified erosional hazard map has been categorized into low, medium, high and very high sediment erosion. The classified map of erosional hazard may be useful to suggest various soil water conservation measures for water resources development and management.
Mapy powiatów stanowią jeden z rodzajów popularnych wydawnictw karto­graficznych. Są one powszechnie dostępne, przeznaczone przeważnie dla turystów; skala mieści się zwykle w przedziale 1:50 000-1:120 000. Ponieważ są to opracowania niestan- daryzowane, uwagi i poglądy użytkowników mogą być przydatną wskazówką przy reda­gowaniu mapy. Sposobem poznania ich opinii są badania ankietowe. Kwestionariusz obej­mował zagadnienia dotyczące ogólnych cech mapy, warunków korzystania, skali, zakresu treści, kartonów, części opisowej z dodatkowymi składnikami oraz kompozycji. Artykuł przedstawia opinie respondentów (na przykład za najważniejszą uznano tematykę komuni- kacyjno-turystyczną) z podsumowaniem ilościowym.
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The mycology of peatlands, with their specific plant communities and numerous rare plant species, has been underexplored and is poorly recognized. The main objectives of this study were to identify the species richness and diversity of macromycetes in raised and transitional bogs of Pomerania and to establish correlations between macroscopic fungi and peatland communities occurring in the area in view of environmental conditions. Investigations spanning a period of ten years were conducted at 134 sites (71 raised and 63 transitional bogs) in eight non-forest peatland communities (Caricetum lasiocarpae, Caricetum limosae, Caricetum rostratae, Eriophoro angustifolii-Sphagnetum recurvi, Rhynchosporetum albae, Erico-Sphagnetum medii, Sphagnetum magellanici, and the Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum fallax community) and two forest communities (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum and Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis) in which 108 permanent observation plots were established for detailed examinations. A total of 191 macromycete species were recorded in the peatlands. The smallest number of species was recorded in Rhynchosporetum albae (12 species) and Caricetum rostratae (15 species). Phytocoenoses richest in fungi were Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum (102 species) and Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis (121 species). The number of macromycete species recorded in individual peatland communities depends on the community type and is not conditioned by the number of observations and the number and the total area of permanent plots. Five mycosociologico-ecological groups of macroscopic fungi were distinguished based on numerical analyses. Four groups comprise species of fungi associated with a specific phytocoenosis or a group of phytocoenoses. One group consists of fungi with a broader ecological scale. The majority of environmental variables representing the substrate’s chemical properties, humidity and pH show a statistically significant influence on the diversity of macroscopic fungi species in the peatland communities. Cartogram maps of the distribution of 21 species of peatland fungi are included and geographico-ecological features of the species are briefly described.
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