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Several years ago, the presence of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment was thought to be an inflammatory response to kill the cancer cells. Now, this is clear that the inflammatory cells that exit blood vessels and migrate to the tumor tissue play an important role in cancer progression. Various cells present in the tumor microenvironment enhance cancer growth and invasiveness by secretion of tumor-enhancing products. That is why tumors should not be treated as only aggregates of cancer cells but as separate structures. Macrophages form a major component of the inflammatory infiltration in tumors, where they are termed tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). To the best of our knowledge, up-to-date there were no studies on tumor associated macrophages and the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor invasion/metastasis in dogs. This is the first study performed to asses if the number of TAMs and expression of MCSF-R (macrophages colony stimulating factor receptor) and CD14 (LPS co-receptor) are associated with the grade of tumor malignancy and its ability to metastasize. We have performed immunohistochemical analysis of 50 canine mammary adenocarcinomas of various grade of malignancy (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and tumors that gave local or distant metastases. The results indicate that in dogs, similarly to humans and mice, the number of tumor associated macrophages is related to the cancer ability to metastasize. Our results also indicate that the expression of MCSF-R and, what is particularly new finding, CD14 is associated with tumor malignancy and its ability to metastasize. Hence, these molecules play a role in tumor progression, metastasis and microenvironment interactions. These results show that in dogs we should treat the tumor as a whole organ rather than just try to eliminate the cancer cells.
The studies were aimed at immunohistochemical determination of telomerase expression in cells of primary adenocarcinomas in mammary glands of bitches. Moreover, it was aimed at comparing the obtained results with an extent of Ki-67 antigen expression, which reflects the proliferation rate of tumour cells. Material for the studies was sampled during surgery in 35 bitches of various breed, ranging in age from 5 to 14 years, which developed mammary tumour. Using histopathology, the tumours were verified as representing adenocarcinomas. This was followed by immunohistochemical reactions for the detection of telomerase and Ki-67 expression. The obtained preparations were photographed and the images were subjected to computer-assisted analysis using the MultiScaneBase V 14.02 software. The obtained mean positive correlation (r = 0.26) between the expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen and that of telomerase in mammary adenocarcinoma of bitches points at the involvement of the enzyme in neoplastic processes in animals, in an analogy to breast cancers in women.
A case of a widespread neoplastic process, originating from the mammary gland in mongrel bitch, weighing 27 kg and aging 7 years, was described. In the patient, blood morphology, blood biochemical parameters, gasometry of arterial blood, chest X-ray, and heart ECG and USG were determined. ECG record demonstrated elevation of ST-T segment by 0.2-0.3 mV in I, aVL leads and a downward- sloping depression in III and aVR leads. The alterations pointed with high probability to infarction in the lateral wall of the left ventricle. Following demonstration by imaging tests of numerous tumours in the chest, the dog was subjected to euthanasia. Upon autopsy, apart from the primary tumour in the mammary gland, numerous tumours were demonstrated in inner organs, including myocardium. Histopathology confirmed neoplastic growth of adenocarcinoma type. In the vicinity of the tumour localised in the left cardiac ventricle, microscopic examination disclosed regions of cardiomyocyte necrosis, which corroborated the preliminary diagnosis of infarction.
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