Wyniki wyszukiwania

1

Historical biogeography of the lynx in Poland

100%

Bieniek M., Wolsan M., Okarma H.

Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia

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1998

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tom 41

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nr 1

2

An observation of aggressive physical interaction between free-ranging lynx

86%

Wolfl M., Wolfl S.

Acta Theriologica

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1996

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tom 41

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nr 4

During a study of Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, we observed a fight between a radio-collared adult female and an unmarked lynx. The resident female attacked the other lynx and finally drove it away.

3

Maternal behaviour and juvenile dispersal in the Eurasian lynx

86%

Schmidt K.

Acta Theriologica

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1998

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tom 43

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nr 4

Lynx Lynx lynx maternal behaviour and dispersal pattern were studied by radio -telemetry in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, E Poland from 1992-1995. From June-July, 2 females with kittens used 1-4 dens per month, for 5 to 33 days each, Consecutively used dens were 1-3 km apart and were located in inaccessible places. Female movements were concentrated around the den at this time, Mothers left their kittens and returned to them, on average, 3 times per day. Mean time of female's absence from the den was 4 h 20 min. Mean den attendance averaged 4 hours. In August, kittens began to accompany their mother. At this time, each den was used for 2-3 days only and the distances between consecutive dens were 0.5—2 km. Dens were situated in places where a female killed large prey. In August, a female spent an average of 12 h 50 min with kittens, alternating with 4-h of absence. Subadults dispersed at 9-11 months of age, immediately after separation from their mothers. Four subadult males dispersed for 11, 39, 62 and 129 km from their natal ranges. Two subadult females dispersed for 5 and 9 km. Lynx that moved the farthest distances covered most of their routes during the first two months of dispersal, when they moved 20-32 km/month, compared to 3-11 km/month in the later period. Distant emigrations of two adult lynx (55 km by a male and 120 km by a female) were also recorded. Directions and routes of lynx dispersal and emigration were related to the contemporary distribution and availability of woodlands and forest corridors.

4

Caching prey in trees by Eurasian lynx

86%

Cerveny J., Okarma H.

Acta Theriologica

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2002

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tom 47

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nr 4

Two cases of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 175S) caching prey (roe deer Capreolus capreolus) jn trees were documented: in southeastern Polami in February 1996 and in southwestern Czech Republic in November 19911. Both carcasses were

5

Population dynamics of the lynx [Lynx lynx] in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest revisited: a statistical analysis of density-dependent migration

72%

Kawata Y.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Biology

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2008

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tom 11

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nr 4

6

Feeding habits of the Eurasian lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains determined by faecal analysis

72%

Weber J. M., Weissbrodt M.

Acta Theriologica

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1999

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tom 44

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nr 3

The feeding habits of the Eurasian lynx were investigated in the Swiss Jura Mountains. Fifty one food items were identified in 38 scats of which most were collected on lynx tracks. Wild ungulates - roe deer and chamois - contributed 47.1% of the overall diet, while hare and rodents represented 19.6% and 17.6% of the prey items.

7

Spatial organization and social relations in the Eurasian lynx population in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

72%

Schmidt K., Jedrzejewski W., Okarma H.

Acta Theriologica

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1997

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tom 42

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nr 3

The home range size, spacing pattern and intraspecific relations in the lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in Białowieża Primeval Forest (eastern Poland), in 1991-19S6. Eighteen lynx (11 males and 7 females) were captured and radio-collared. The mean autumn-winter home range size was 165 km2 for males and 94 km2 for females. In spring-summer, it was 143 and 55 km2, respectively. The mean life-time home ranges were 248 km" for males and 133 km* for females. Male home range size did not change significantly between autumn-winter and spring-summer seasons, however, their ranges increased by 40-90% just before and during the mating season (December-March). The home range of females in the autumn-winter season was almost twice as large compared with the spring-summer period (94 vs 55 km2). The smallest home ranges were observed in breeding females during the two months after parturition (10 kmJ) and these grew until the following spring. The home ranges calculated for 5-month periods shifted on average 4 km in adult males, 2.7 in adult females and 4.7 km in subadult males. One of the farthest shifts in the adult male range (8.7 km) was explained by the death of a neighbouring resident. The average overlap between adult males' ranges was 30%, while those between females was 6%. The largest overlap occurred between adult males and females (62%) as well as between adult and subadult males (75%). The lynx showed a tendency to avoid each other. The average distance between neighbouring adult males was 11.6 km, and they were never found closer than 1 km to each other. The average distance between neighbouring females was 8.1 km. Besides a few meetings between males and females (during and outside the mating season), they were located separately (4.4 km from each other, on average), in 93% of the cases an adult female was recorded with her dependent kittens. It was concluded that home range size and spacing pattern in male lynx depend on the distribution of females, whereas spacing in females was determined by food-related factors.

8

Space use by Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx in Central Norway

72%

Sunde P., Kvam T., Moa P., Negard A., Overskaug K.

Acta Theriologica

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2000

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tom 45

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nr 4

Habitat and spatial organisation of 11 radio tagged Eurasiani lynxes Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 were studied in a low-density (ca 0.3 ind/100 km ) population in a boreal-alpine environment with low and temporally varying densities {< 180 ind/100 km in winter) of ungulate prey, primarily roe deer and semi-domestic reindeer. The use of habitat measured as 4 biome categories ranked from south boreal to alpine influenced mountain vegetation did not vary seasonally, but lowlands were much preferred to alpine habitats. Adult males moved almost 3 times farther per day in linear distance (x = 5.9 km, n = 3) than did females with kittens ix = 2.0 km, n = 4) or subadult females (x = 2.5 km, n = 6; p = 0.002). Subadults (n = 5) dispersed 42 ± 13 (x ± SE) km during the first 9 months of independence, but often visited their natal range during the first year on their own. Adult lynxes roamed over very large annual ranges [males: 1906 ± 387 km (n = 4), females: 561 ± 102 km2 (n = 6)J that took > 5 days to pass through, independently of sex. The oniy male monitored over more than 1 year maintained 2 separate home ranges each year. The larger home ranges and the possible tendency towards less defined territory boundaries than previously reported for the species, may be caused by the lower prey and population densities, though culling of adult individuals may also have played a role by continuously creating empty gaps in the territorial mosaic.

9

Prey spectrum, prey preference and consumption rates of Eurasian lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains

72%

Jobin A., Molinari P., Breitenmoser U.

Acta Theriologica

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2000

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tom 45

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nr 2

We examined 617 kills made by radio-tracked Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) from March 1988 to May 1998 to assess prey spectrum, preference, and food consumption rates in the Swiss Jura Mountains. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus and chamois Rupicapra rupicapra were the main prey (69 and 22%, respectively), followed by red fox Vulpes vulpes, brown hare Lepus europaeus, domestic cat Felis calus, wild cat Fclis sylvestris, marmot Marmota marmota, pine marten Martes marles, capercaillie Telrao urogallus, and badger Meles meles. Lynx fed on an ungulate prey from 1 to 7 days, depending on the prey category. The consumption rates of males, of females alone, and of females with kittens varied from 3.2 to 4.9 kg per night, with an increasing trend as the kittens grew older. Including the days when lynx had no kill (searching time) lynx consumed 2 ± 0.9 kg per night. The mean searching time was 1.5-2 days for females, depending on the season and the number of kittens, and 2.5 days for males. The mean interval between consecutive kills was 5.9 for males and 5.2 days for females, respectively. At 38% of carcasses the presence of one or several scavengers (red fox, raven Corvus corax or both) was detected, Although 69% of the kills were roe deer and only 22% chamois, we hypothesise that in the forests of the Jura Mountains chamois are more vulnerable to lynx predation than roe deer, as chamois had a slightly higher preference index (0.59) than roe deer (0.41), based on rough estimates of the two ungulate populations in the study area.

10

Diet patterns of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx: what causes sexually determined prey size segregation?

72%

Sunde P., Kvam T.

Acta Theriologica

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1997

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tom 42

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nr 2

The influence of sex, body weight, physical condition, age and season on diet choice was investigated by hunting reports and intestinal analyses of 441 lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) from Norway killed during 1960-1996. Of self-provisioning (> 1 yr) lynx (n = 280), males preyed proportionately more upon cervids (primarily roe deer Capreolus capreolus and semi-domestic reindeer Rarigifer tarandus) compared to small game (mountain hare Lepus timidus and tetraonids) than females did. Only 5.4% of the variation in prey preference towards small game and cervids (p = 0.0002) could be explained by sex. In a logistic regression model, no additive effect of weight or any other parameters was found after sex had been included. We did not find sufficient evidence for body weight (sensil stricto) being related to prey choice, but propose that sexually determined prey segregation in lynx is caused by different ranging behaviour resulting in different encounter rates with different kinds of prey.

11

Distribution and status of lynx in the border region between Czech Republic, Germany and Austria

72%

Wolfl M., Bufka L., Cerveny J., Koubek P., Heurich M., Habel H., Huber T., Poost W.

Acta Theriologica

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2001

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tom 46

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nr 2

This paper summarizes available information concerning the presence of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Linneaus, 1758 in the Sumava Mountains and adjacent areas along the common border of Czech Republic, Germany and Austria. Our data give an overview of the lynx population occupying the border region between the three countries from 1990 to 1999. We estimated population size using radiotracking data. From 1990 to 1998, population increased from under 20 to nearly 70 resident animals. During this time, reproduction increased as well, with a maximum of 55 kittens observed in the rearing period of 1998 to 1999. Mortality data indicated that illegal hunting was widespread. Our paper discusses possible links with other lynx populations and describes the legal status of lynx in the three different countries. Current management approaches are outlined and steps toward a long-term conservation plan for the population are proposed.

12

Observations on feeding order in a group of Eurasian lynx

72%

Literak I., Literakova M., Klimes J.

Acta Theriologica

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2000

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tom 45

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nr 3

In December 1998, a group of three lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758), possibly a female with kittens was observed during two nights at a killed roe deer Capreolus capreolus in the Bukovske Vrchy hills, north-eastern Slovakia. There was an apparent feeding order among the lynx, with the largest eating first and the smallest last. Also, the "play-fight behaviour" was observed.

13

Factors shaping the Eurasian lynx [Lynx lynx] population in the northeastern Poland

58%

Schmidt K.

Nature Conservation

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2008

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tom 65

3-15

14

Winter diets of wolf Canis lupus and lynx Lynx lynx in Estonia and Latvia

58%

Valdmann H., Andersone-Lilley Z., Koppa O., Ozolins J., Bagrade G.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 4

521-527

Winter diets of wolfCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 and lynxLynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 in Latvia and Estonia were investigated in 1997–2000 based on stomach contents of hunted animals and scats. Ungulates appeared to be the staple food for both predators. Lynx diet to a high extent consisted of cervids (Estonia 52% frequency of prey, Latvia 88%), roe deer dominating. Mountain hareLepus timidus made up from 9% (Latvia) to 31% (Estonia) of the lynx diet, and red foxVulpes vulpes 7% in Estonian sample. Wolf diet was more diverse; besides cervids (44% in Latvia, 63% in Estonia) it included wild boar Sus scrofa (32% in Latvia, 17% in Estonia), carrion, small rodents, and other food items. Proportion of empty stomachs was high both in wolves (37%) and lynxes (35%) in Latvia. Range of stomach content weights varied from zero to more than 4 kg in wolves and almost 1.5 kg in lynx. Pianka’s indices of food niche overlapped significantly between species and countries (0.85–0.99).

15

Foraging by pine marten Martes martes in relation to food resources in Bialowieza National Park, Poland

58%

Jedrzejewski W., Zalewski A., Jedrzejewska B.

Acta Theriologica

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1993

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tom 38

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nr 4

Feeding habits of pine marten Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in 1985 - 1992 in the pristine forests of Białowieża National Park, eastern Poland, The study covered 5 years of moderate numbers of forest rodents and 2 years of outbreak and crash. In 1735 analysed scats, rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavi- collis, and Microtus sp.) were staple food for martens, constituting from 50% of biomass consumed in June to over 90% in October - November. Birds (mainly thrushes and woodpeckers) were captured by martens mainly in spring and summer (up to 37% biomass in June). Vegetable matter (Rubus berries, Sorbus aucuparia fruit, mushrooms) was frequently eaten in July - October (up to 17% biomass in September). Ungulate carcasses were scavenged in winter. Marten preferred the remains of wolf and lynx kills and avoided ungulates that had died from undernutrition and/or disease. Between-year variation in marten diet was shaped by variation in rodent (especially bank vole) numbers. Percent of bank vole biomass in marten diet in autumn-winter was determined by the summer-autumn numbers of these rodents. Martens' consumption of mice in the cold season did not reflect the changes in mouse numbers, but it was positively correlated with their preying on bank voles. Spring numbers of mice determined the percentage of biomass of mice in marten diet in spring-summer. Snow cover significantly decreased martens' preying on C. glareolus, but not A. flavicollis and Aficroius sp, In the cold season, insectivores and ungulate carcasses were crucial alternative food for the pine marten and they compensated for the decreased availability of rodents. In spring and summer, birds and fruit were alternative food, the consumption of which negatively correlated with the consumption of rodents. Snow- tracking showed that in their search for prey, martens utilized both fallen and standing trees, and moved on the ground as welt as in the forest canopy. Over 90% of all recorded attacks were on rodents. Marten attacked rodents 4.1 times/km of trail but 35% of attacks failed.

16

Behavioural and spatial adaptation of the Eurasian lynx to a decline in prey availability

58%

Schmidt K.

Acta Theriologica

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2008

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tom 53

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nr 1

The distribution and abundance of food resources is a major factor influencing animal populations. I studied the effect of a roe and red deer population decline on diet composition, home range size and foraging pattern in the Eurasian lynxLynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF), eastern Poland. The population of cervids in BPF experienced a nearly two-fold reduction in size from 1991 through 2006 due to severe hunting pressure between 1991 and 1996. Comparison of published data on lynx diet during the high abundance of ungulates with new data obtained for the low abundance period showed that despite a significant decline in their availability, cervids (roe and red deer) continued to form the majority of the diet of lynx, with roe deer being most preferred in both periods. Home range sizes of lynx showed a tendency to increase with declining prey densities, as indicated by relative percentage increases in average yearly home range sizes amongst different sex/age groups. In response to lower availability of their main prey, lynx increased their daily straight-line movement distances by 44% and doubled the ranges covered in 5-day periods. This illustrated that, with declining prey abundance, the lynx increased their hunting efforts by either spending more time actively searching for prey or continuing foraging even after a successful hunt. Spatial analysis of the distribution of ungulates and lynx indicated that deer were evenly distributed throughout lynx ranges in BPF and spatial proximity of the predator to prey sites did not play an important role in the efficiency of hunting. Lynx may adapt to changing prey availability by increasing search effort, but this was not sufficient to prevent the negative influences of the prey decline on the lynx population. Prey depletion has an immediate effect on lynx spatial organization and, in consequence, on their density. This information has to be considered in prioritizing lynx conservation measures and management of ungulates.

17

Influence of food availability and reproductive status on the diet and body condition of the European lynx in Finland

58%

Pulliainen E., Lindgren E., Tunkkari P. S.

Acta Theriologica

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1995

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tom 40

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nr 2

The carcasses of the 497 European lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) killed in two areas in Finland in the 1980s were sexed, the nutritional status and diet of the lynx determined and the breeding stage of the females checked. There was no significant deviation in the sex ratio from 50:50 in any often hunting seasons. Fifty-three percent of the females over 1 year of age had given birth the previous spring, the mean litter size from the last pregnancy being 2.33 ± 0.73 (x ± SD, n = 82). In E Finland 86.2% of the winter diet consisted of hares, whereas in SW Finland the lynx consumed hares and white-tailed deer equally. There was no difference in diet between the sexes or age categories in E Finland, but in the white-tailed deer area of SW Finland the male lynx consumed more deer and hares less frequently than the females (p < 0.05). The lynx in SW Finland were on average, in a much better nutritional condition than those of E Finland. The male lynx in both areas had gained more depot fat than the females, on average a difference arising primarily from the smaller amount of fat in the female lynx which had given birth the previous spring. There were positive correlations in E Finland in all the age and sex categories between hare density and mesentery-omentum fat whereas snow depth produced negative correlation coefficients with the mesentery-omentum fat showing a significance of 90% in the adult females.

18

Predation of Eurasian lynx on roe deer and red deer in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

58%

Okarma H., Jedrzejewski W., Schmidt K., Kowalczyk R., Jedrzejewska B.

Acta Theriologica

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1997

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tom 42

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nr 2

Patterns of lynx Lynx lynx {Linnaeus, 1758) predation on ungulates were studied in the Polish part of Białowieża Primeval Forest (580 km ) from scats and prey remains of iynx between 1985-1996, and radiotracking of IS lynx between 1991-1996, Cervids were the main prey and constituted 90% of food biomass consumed (analysis of faeces) and 84% of prey killed. Roe deer Capreotus capreolus was positively selected by all lynx (though stronger by females and subadults than by adult males). Fawns and adult roe deer of both sexes were preyed on in proportion to their abundance in the population. Red deer Ceruus elaphus was taken less often than would have been expected at random, and fawns were positively selected by lynx. On average, lynx spent 76 h (3.2 days) feeding on a killed deer (from 38 h in a female with 3 kittens to 105 h in single adult females). Mean searching time (ie time from leaving the remains of one deer to killing another one) was 52 h (2.2 days); from 10 h in a female with 3 young to 104 h in subadults. Thus, the average kill rate by lynx was one deer per 5.4 days. Predation impact of lynx population on roe and red deer was estimated in 1991-1996, when recorded numbers were 288-492 roe deer and 359-607 red deer per 100 km" in late winter (March), and 501-820 roe deer and 514-858 red deer per 100 km" in spring (May/June). During that period densities of deer declined markedly due to deliberately elevated hunting harvest by forestry personnel, aimed at reduction of game damage to silviculture. Densities of adult lynx were little variable (2.4-3.2 inds/100 km2), but reproduction rate strongly varied in response to deer decline, from 0.67 juv/adult lynx in 1991/92 to 0.25 juv/adult lynx in 1995/96. Annually, lynx population killed 110-169 roe deer/100 km2, which constituted 21-36% of spring (seasonally highest) numbers of roe deer. Lynx predation was the most important factor of roe deer mortality. Furthermore, lynx population took 42-70 red deer/100 km2 annually, which constituted 6-13% of spring number of red deer. In red deer mortality, lynx predation played an inferior role to hunting harvest and wolf predation.

19

Foraging by lynx and its role in ungulate mortality: the local [Bialowieza Forest] and the Palaearctic viewpoints

58%

Jedrzejewski W., Schmidt K., Milkowski L., Jedrzejewska B., Okarma H.

Acta Theriologica

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1993

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tom 38

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nr 4

20

Data for estimating eaten prey masses from Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx scats in Central and East Europe

51%

Ruhe F., Burmester T., Ksinsik M.

Acta Theriologica

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2007

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tom 52

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nr 3

To derive a model which allows estimating eaten prey masses from lynxLynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758 scats, we fed 3 roe deerCapreolus capreolus, 2 wild boarsSus scrofa, 1 fallow deerDama dama, 1 mouflonOvis ammon musimon, 1 European hareLepus europaeus and 1 daily diet of miceMus musculus to two adult lynx. The percentage of prey use decreased with an increase in the offered body mass of the prey individual. Conversion factors from dry matter scat mass to fresh matter mass of eaten prey (y) increased linearly as the eaten mass of the prey individual (x) rose:y = 15.06 + 1.330x,R 2 = 0.643,F 1,7 = 12.6,p < 0.01. For estimating eaten prey masses from lynx scats we recommend to use (1) this equation as well as (2) prey type-specific conversion factors and (3) prey type-specific quotients of the eaten prey mass per scat.

Ograniczanie wyników

Historical biogeography of the lynx in Poland

An observation of aggressive physical interaction between free-ranging lynx

Maternal behaviour and juvenile dispersal in the Eurasian lynx

Caching prey in trees by Eurasian lynx

Population dynamics of the lynx [Lynx lynx] in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest revisited: a statistical analysis of density-dependent migration

Feeding habits of the Eurasian lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains determined by faecal analysis

Spatial organization and social relations in the Eurasian lynx population in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

Space use by Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx in Central Norway

Prey spectrum, prey preference and consumption rates of Eurasian lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains

Diet patterns of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx: what causes sexually determined prey size segregation?

Distribution and status of lynx in the border region between Czech Republic, Germany and Austria

Observations on feeding order in a group of Eurasian lynx

Factors shaping the Eurasian lynx [Lynx lynx] population in the northeastern Poland

Winter diets of wolf Canis lupus and lynx Lynx lynx in Estonia and Latvia

Foraging by pine marten Martes martes in relation to food resources in Bialowieza National Park, Poland

Behavioural and spatial adaptation of the Eurasian lynx to a decline in prey availability

Influence of food availability and reproductive status on the diet and body condition of the European lynx in Finland

Predation of Eurasian lynx on roe deer and red deer in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

Foraging by lynx and its role in ungulate mortality: the local [Bialowieza Forest] and the Palaearctic viewpoints

Data for estimating eaten prey masses from Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx scats in Central and East Europe