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The parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction were measured: Fv/Fm, Sc/Fm, Rfd and coefficient of Ld delayed luminescence decay kinetics, related with a course of primary photosynthesis reactions on leaves of strawberry plants, cultured in vitro by means of the micropropagation methods. Strawberry plants cv. Ananasowa from in vitro cultures in optimal condition show significantly higher values of luminescence parameters indicating better condition of plants of this variety in comparison with the variety Senga Sengana. After temperature lowering, however, these values were more reduced than for plants of Senga Sengana, which can be interpreted as higher susceptibility of this variety to chill. Addition of BAP caused disturbance of primary photosynthesis reactions rate, particularly in lower temperature. Auxin 2,4-D had no effect on the luminescence parameters in comparison with control cultures. Dehydration stress strongly diminished the values of measured parameters for Ananasowa variety what indicates the inhibition of primary photosynthesis reaction in leaves. The old culture of Senga Sengana variety showed higher tolerance on linuron in comparison with the new one.
This volume contains a set of eight papers presenting the results of the latest research into the interaction of light with marine phytoplankton by teams from the Marine Physics Department at the IO PAS in Sopot, and the Department of Environmental Physics at the Pedagogical University of Słupsk. These results were presented at the ‘Second Workshop on Luminescence and Photosynthesis of Marine Phytoplankton’ (Sopot–Paraszyno, 11–15 October 1999) sponsored by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research. This introductory article discusses the most important assumptions and objectives of the research, and outlines the latest results. These are subsequently discussed in detail in the following papers: (1) Majchrowski & Ostrowska, Influence of photo- and chromatic acclimation on pigment composition in the sea, (2) Woźniak et al., Model of the ‘in vivo’ spectral absorption of algal pigments. Part 1. Mathematical apparatus, (3) Majchrowski et al., Model of the ‘in vivo’ spectral absorption of algal pigments. Part 2. Practical applications of the model, (4)Ostrowska et al., Variability of the specific fluorescence of chlorophyll in the ocean. Part 1. Theory of classical ‘in situ’ chlorophyll fluorometry, (5) Ostrowska et al., Variability of the specific fluorescence of chlorophyll in the ocean. Part 2. Fluorometric method of chlorophyll a determination, (6) Ficek et al., Influence of non-photosynthetic pigments on the measured quantum yield of photosynthesis, (7) Ficek et al., Variability of the portion of functional PS2 reaction centres in the light of a fluorometric study. For the reader’s convenience, we append a list of the symbols denoting the physical quantities used in the texts. The nomenclature and denotations are in line with the conventions employed in the subject literature.
Two methods of determining the chlorophyll a concentration in the sea have been formulated on the basis of artificially induced fluorescence measured with the aid of submersible fluorometers. The method of statistical correlation is founded on the empirical relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll concentration. The theoretical model of fluorescence described in Part 1 of this paper (see Ostrowska et al. 2000, this volume) provides the basis of the other method, the physical method. This describes the dependence of the specific fluorescence of phytoplankton on the chlorophyll concentration, a diversity of photophysiological properties of phytoplankton and the optical characteristics of the fluorometer. In order to assess their practicability, the methods were subjected to empirical verification. This showed that the physical method yielded chlorophyll concentrations of far greater accuracy. The respective error factors of the estimated chlorophyll concentration were x = 2.07 for the correlation method and x = 1.5 for the physical method. This means that the statistical logarithmic error varies from −52 to +107% in the case of the former method but only from −33 to +51% in the case of the latter. Thus, modifying the methodology has much improved the accuracy of chlorophyll determinations.
The range of variability of the fluorescence properties of marine phytoplankton in different trophic types of seas and at different depths in the sea is analysed theoretically. An attempt is also made to interpret artificially induced in situ fluorescence measured with submersible fluorometers. To do this, earlier optical models of light absorption by phytoplankton (see Woźniak et al. 2000, this volume) and actual empirical data were applied. A straightforward theoretical model of artificially photoinduced phytoplankton fluorescence accounting for the complex influence of different photophysiological characteristics of phytoplankton and the optical characteristics of the instrument has been worked out. A physical method of determining chlorophyll a concentrations in seawater from fluorescence measured in situ with contact fluorometers can be based on this model.
Bioluminescence, the phenomenon of light production by living organisms, occurs in forms of life as various as bacteria, fungi and animals. Nevertheless, light-emitting bacteria are the most abundant and widespread of luminescent organisms. Interestingly, most species of such bacteria live in marine environments. In this article, the biochemical mechanism of bacterial luminescence and its genetic regulation are summarized. Although the biochemistry and genetics of light emission by cells have been investigated in detail, the biological role of bacterial luminescence has remained obscure. Here, we discuss recent discoveries that shed new light on this problem. Finally, we provide examples of how bacterial luminescence can be employed in marine biotechnology, especially in the detection of toxic and mutagenic pollution in aquatic environments.
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