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Biodiversity is an essential component to preserve the stability of life sustaining structures. Creating new habitats, such as perennial bioenergy plant plantations, may help to maintain it. This includes short rotation willow. Willow plantations present an excellent environment for a large number of species of plants and animals, together with beneficial insects. The studies on beneficial insects on short rotation willow plantation were carried out in Winna Góra in 2008 and 2009. For comparative purposes, additional studies on the occurrence of insects in traditional crop (sugar beet, potato, spring barley) were conducted. The widest biodiversity was found on the willow plantations, especially a few years old.
The object of experiments carried out in 2007 and 2008 were plants of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) which were at that time in the 1st, 3rd and 4th year (2007) and in the 2nd, 4th and 5th year (2008) of growing. The soil from plots on which the plants were grown was studied as well. The yield of fresh and dry matter of the herbal raw material as well as the essential oil content in the raw material were determined. Furthermore, the soil phytotoxicity and phenolic compounds content in the soil were studied. Maximum yield of the fresh and dry weight of the herbal raw material were obtained in the 3rd and 4th year of plant cultivation and it was maintained on an unchanged level in the 4th and 5th year of growing. As the time of lemon balm growing was elongated, the increase of essential oil yield was observed. Phytotoxicity of soil occurred seasonally – in spring and in autumn and did not depend on the year of growing duration. On the other hand, the content of phenolic compounds in the soil increased gradually with the long-term cultivation. However, the phenolic compounds did not accumulate in such amount as to exert a negative effect on the plants.
Eksperyment w układzie bloków losowanych założono w 2003 r. w Gospodar-stwie Doświadczalnym Felin Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie. W latach 2004-2011 badano wpływ nawożenia azotem (100 i 200 kg·ha-1 N) i fosforem (39 i 52 kg·ha-1 P) na wysokość plonów bio-masy ślazowca pensylwańskiego. Wyższe dawki składników pokarmowych istotnie wpływały na wzrost plonów biomasy i obsadę pędów ślazowca. Dłuższe pędy stwierdzono po zastosowaniu wyższego pozio-mu nawożenia azotem. Największe różnice w wielkości plonów wystąpiły pomiędzy latami uprawy. Najmniej biomasy uzyskano w drugim (2004 r.), zaś dwukrotnie więcej w piątym (2007 r.) i ósmym (2010 r.) roku uprawy (odpowiednio 7,06 oraz 14,34 i 14,48 t·ha-1 s.m.).
The study reported here was aimed at the estimation of the effects of over 15-years of cultivation of apple trees on the physical status of soil in orchards situated on various soils. The study was conducted on soils with silty particle size distributions (a Haplic Chernozem developed from loess, a Haplic Luvisol developed from loess (1), a Haplic Luvisol (non-uniform), developed from silt (2), and a Fluvic Cambisol developed from silty formations). The determinations included the particle size distribution and the density of the soils, solid phase density, total porosity (TP), field water capacity (FC). In addition, the quality of the air-water relations was analysed, determining the values of FC/TP ratio. The study showed that the values of the parameters under analysis were affected by the soil type, genetic horizon, soil layer, and also by the intensity of orchard care. Long-term maintenance of herbicide belts had a fairly beneficial effect on the physical status of the soils under study. A slight compaction of soil was noted (in comparison with the normal consolidation system of weakly-compacted one) as well as very good water properties. It is predicted that, only at the state of field saturation of the soil with water, conditions occurred that inhibited gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere.
The aim of performed work was to assess the hunting damage in 2007–2009 in cultivation of energy willow in the region of Koszalin. The level of hunting damage depended on willow varieties, age of cultivation and density of planting. As the shoots were higher the intensity of crunching the peaks decreased. At higher density of willow on shrubs on the surface of 1 hectare percentage of damaged shoots was lower. The biometric measurements showed essential negative influence of hunting damage on length and thickness of shoots and positive influence on the number of shrub shoots. A negative influence of hunting damage on growth of willow shoots increased every year even though the intensity of peak crunching was decreasing.
In the years 2008–2013 the field experiments with 10 cultivars of willow were conducted in the field that belonged to Koszalin University of Technology. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied at various doses (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha N). The results revealed that the withering of willow rootstocks was highly impacted by the time of re-growing of shoots (years) and the frequency of harvesting. The doses of fertilizers and cultivars were the factors of secondary importance. Until the fourth year of vegetation the average percentage of withering of willow rootstocks amounted to 5.3%. The increase in the number of dead rootstocks occurred during the fifth and sixth year of vegetation. The cultivars were classified according to their liability to withering as follows: very strong – Start (42.4%), strong – Sprint (31.9%), medium – 1054 (26.8%), Jorr (25.0%), Olof (24.1%), 1047 (23.9%), 1047D (23.7%) and Turbo (20.6%). The varieties Tordis and Ekotur showed the weak tendency for withering (13.6%, 9.2%, respectively). The increase of the fertilizer dose, in relation to the plots without fertilization, resulted in intensification of willow rootstocks withering. In the plots with 1 harvesting during the first 4-year rotation, on avarage 5.6% of rootstocks withered while in plots with the harvesting applied twice the withering amounted to 14.1%. Moreover, it was analysed how individual cultivars responded (rootstock withering) to increased harvesting frequency. The studied cultivars were classified as follows: very strongly responding – Sprint and Start, strongly responding – 1047D, 1054 and 1047, with moderate response – Jorr, Turbo and with no response – Olof, Tordis and Ekotur.
Celem badań przeprowadzonych w latach 2010-2012 na jednorocznych, dwu- i trzyletnich pędach trzech odmian Salix viminalis: Bjor, Jorr i Tora, wyrosłych z 14. 15. i 16 letnich karp, było porównanie ich pod względem aktywności procesów asymilacji i transpiracji, a także parmetrów wpływających na te procesy, tj. przewodności szaprkowej, stężenia podszparkowego CO2, fotosyntetycznego współczynnika wykorzystania wody (WUE) i chwilowego fotosyntetycznego współczynnika wykorzystania wody (WUEI) oraz pod względem plonowania. Pomiary wymiany gazowej wykonano za pomocą analizatora gazu typu TPS-2 z kamerą PLC-4 (PP System, USA), pracującego w układzie otwartym. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że pędy jednoroczne odmiany Jorr wykazały się najkorzystniejszymi parametrami wymiany gazowej, zaś najsłabszymi trzyletnie pędy odmiany Tora. Wysoka ogólna aktywność procesów wymiany gazowej u odmiany Jorr pozwoliła mu osiągnąć największy plon biomasy pędów, niezależnie od cyklu zbio-ru. Mimo zaawansowanego wieku plantacji (14-16 rok uprawy) badane odmiany wykazały się dużą produktywnością biomasy. Prawdopodobnie, ze względu na duży przyrost masy drzewnej trzylet-nich pędów u odmiany Bjor, stanowiący ok. 58% całego trzyletniego przyrostu, znacząco większy niż u Jorr i Tora (ok. 50%), najkorzystniejszy dla tej odmiany byłby zbiór co 4 lata.
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