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The study aims at showing the organizational and task-oriented aspects of competency in local government units. Within the theoretical part the authors deal with issues related to the organization of promotional activities and the impact of marketing communication on local development. In the research part the results of the analysis of organizational rules of county authorities and municipal authorities with county rights of the Lodz region were presented, displaying some practical ways to organize promotional activities. Common types of organizational units appointed in order to conduct promotions, their place in the structure of offices and the scope of their assigned competence were investigated. Among the units covered by the study there were in particular those responsible for marketing communication. Units of local government assign promotional competencies to organizational units resulting from the regulations of the law or the specifics of marketing communications. For all those activities that are not mandatory, significant differences which stem from having more discretionary powers of local governments can be observed, as well as the possibility of impact related to the level of development of a given unit. These possibilities are related to the type of unit (rural district, a town with a county status) population size and the level of income per capita. Only such units that achieve a high level of development can use a relatively broad and versatile range of tasks and promotional competencies.
Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of this article is to verify the hypothesis of the occurrence of political business cycles at the self-governmental level in Poland. Materials and methods: The article presents a quantitative analysis of expenditures on remuneration in the administration of Polish self-governments at the county (district) level (in the period 2007–2018) and at province (regional) level (in the period 1999–2018) with the use of Arellano-Bond and LSDVC estimators. Results: The panel data analysis makes it possible to conclude that in Polish self-governments cyclical fluctuations of expenditure on remuneration can be observed. The increase in salaries depends on the power of the ruling coalition as well as unemployment and the output gap in a region. In the case of provinces and counties, also the increase of investment expenditures significantly affects the increase of salaries. Conclusions: The results of the estimation of models clearly point to the presence of cyclical distortions in remuneration in public administration, which are caused by the upcoming elections.
The aim of the study is the attempt at estimating the level of the local government units’ involvement in a promotional activity through the Internet in the context of gaining a competitive advantage. The analysis is based on the case study of the commune Busko-Zdroj, employing actual data and a questionnaire interview which was conducted with the employees of the local government and the commune Busko-Zdroj. The use of online promotion has been examined against traditional methods of promotion which are in common practise by local government units. In the light of the conducted surveys, a certain diagnosis has emerged. It suggests to implement more extended promotional actions of the commune Busko-Zdroj on the Internet.
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Non-productive functions of valuable natural areas

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The subject of the study is the presentation of naturally valuable areas in which non-production related functions can be performed apart from the production related ones. The purpose of this article is to address the issue of functions of naturally valuable areas with the focus on their importance for economic and social activity. The present analysis has been based on the specialist research literature as well as on the data obtained from local government bodies. The induction and deduction methods as well as critical literature analysis have been used. The results of the study confirmed that non-production related functions play a significant role in social life and, above all, they can impact the improvement of people’s physical and mental health. They can also provide some valuable raw materials including forest undergrowth while the principles of sustainable growth are followed.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy efficiency and using more renewable energy play an important role in European Energy Policy. Rural development should rely on the efficient use of local socio – economic – environmental resources. In Hungary, energetic self-preservation is a problem for households and local governments, even though wasting energy and poverty are both characteristic of them. 29.4% of produced final energy is consumed by the residential sector, and 15% is consumed by the (local) governmental sector. Paradoxically, increased investment activity related to EU applications had a negative impact on the financial position of local governments. The main reason for this situation was a lack of local governments’ own resources to cover the payment need of EU investments. In many cases this operation failed to result in additional own revenues and significant savings in expenditures. Furthermore, in 2010, an average Hungarian household spent 6.4% more money on home maintenance and household energy (and 6% less money on food and soft drinks) than in 2000. Various steps should be taken in order to change people’s environmental or energetic approach and increase community awareness. In the results of this study, I expound three case studies to justify the mentioned facts and describe the steps needed to be taken.
Agrarianism is a programme, a policy, or a social movement, whose aim is to improve the position of farming. Polish agrarianism assumes a leading role of farming and farmers in the economy, class unity in the country, superiority of privately owned family farms ever other forms agricultural economies. It reveals a negative attitude to monopolies and large landowners. Agrarianism attached primary importance to the development of cooperatives, which assist family farms. It actively promotes the idea of local councils. Polish agrarianism intends to achieve its aims by making changes in people's attitudes, education, culture and legislation.
Wagners’s Law applies to increasing public expenditure borne by the central government and local governments. In this article the notion of local self-government spending is explained along with its role in satisfying local communities’ needs. The study involves a discussion of budget expenditures borne by local communes (municipalities, gminas) and cities with county rights and details the expenditures of the capitals of provinces (voivodships) in Poland. A hypothesis is put forward that in the years 1995-2011 the aforementioned governments allocated continuously increasing expenditures to satisfy public needs. Moreover, the aim of the article is to analyze the level and dynamics of budget expenditures of gminas and cities with county rights in the years 1995-2011. For these years, particular types of expenditures per capita shall be analyzed along with those borne by the voivodship capitals and their share in the general expenditure of the discussed administrative units.
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