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One of the most important tools for increasing business performance is to provide a proper level of financial resources, which is important for the continuity of all business establishments. Those factors that determine agricultural financing have specific characteristics. Due to the specifics of rural economies, agricultural enterprises have a low capacity for self-financing, thus they need significant external resources. After EU accession there has been a significant increase of subsidies received by farmers, but the distribution of support is not equal and available for all. Our aim was to analyse agricultural HUF and FX short term loans between the years 1995 and 2013 to find out the relationship between foreign currency and the effects of strengthening of Hungarian forint. We tried to find trends, we created forecasts and analyzed them with two different methods to get aproperview on correlation and chenges in this period. Agriculture, like all sectors of the economy, needs credit loans for its development. In a competitive financial environment, profitable agriculture can obtain the credit loan it needs. Bank lending becomes this economy’s engine.
This paper tries to solve theoretically the problem of interest rate determination by a co-operative bank in the absence of preferential treatment of its members (owners) against non-members in terms of charged interest rates. The optimisation model considers bank’s borrower-, depositor- and neutral-oriented policy as well as purely commercial (profi t-oriented) approach. Obtained results indicate that the optimal rates on loans and deposits at a co-operative bank depend mainly on its preference. They are also infl uenced by market interest rates and bank’s balance sheet and income statement elements. The paper contributes to an increased understanding of behaviour of co-operative bank as social economy organisation and adds to the models of optimal interest rates setting in co-operative fi nancial institutions.
The determination of the sludge fertilising influence for the growth and composition of the urban grasslands’ swards and heavy metals concentration in above-ground parts of the plants was the aim of the study. The study was conducted on four research plots along the main roads in Białystok. The plots were seeded with two mixtures of lawn grasses (Eko and Roadside) and three doses of sludge were applied: 0 (control), 7.5 and 15 kg/m2. The study also included the determination of concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil and in the above-ground parts of lawn grasses and selected physical and chemical properties of soils fertilized with different doses of sludge. The dose of 7.5 kg/m2 increased the plant dry matter on average by 53%, the dose of 15 kg/m2 – on average by 90%. The largest effect of fertilization was found for lightest soil. Under these conditions, grass dry matter fertilized with 7.5 kg/m2 sludge was almost doubled, and fertilized with the dose of 15 kg/m2 was almost three times larger than in not fertilized areas. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was the dominant species in the sward. Perennial ryegrass constituted on average 71% of all grass species in the areas fertilized with sewage sludge in the dose of 7.5 kg/m2, while on the areas fertilized with 15 kg/m2 – about 81%, and on not fertilized ones – 50% on average. Bioconcentration factor in the study allowed for estimating the plants ability to collect heavy metals present in the soil. Based on these results, it was found that the rate of bioconcentration of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb was the highest in August, which may indicate the ease of downloading these metals by plants, particularly high mobility of metals during this period, and lower in October and June.
Analysis of the economic environment and operation conditions of the wood industry companies in Poland – influence of loans availability. The economic crisis is now one of the main causes of problems affecting not only the wood industry. Seems to be interesting to analyze the environment and economic conditions of the wood industry companies in Poland. There are many factors that determine the right development of enterprises. Among many factors affecting the wood industry sector environment in Poland in this study, only few, such as: number of credit agreements, value and number of newly signed housing credit agreements and share of high risk housing, operating and investment loans in total loans in Polish enterprises were examined.
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