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Urbanization processes of areas located within large cities entail a number of consequences, such as a change in employment structure of inhabitants in these areas. New housing developments attract a stream of well-educated and affluent urban dwellers, who move to the suburbs and contribute to the transformation of dominating functions in the areas located near the cities. Based on selected empirically measurable characteristics, synthetic measures were calculated for the phenomena analyzed with the use of the Hellwig method. The following functions have been included: agricultural, recreational, service, industrial, and residential. Based on the conducted analysis, it can be claimed that most of the examined municipalities are characterized by multifunctional development, with no dominant function apparent. Also, the analysis revealed the existence of three social classes in the studied areas, distinguished by a very high, high, or average standard of living of their members. The study found that the highest standard of living is typical for the municipalities where industrial and service-related functions dominate.
National accounts and utilization of GDP by macro-economic decision-making was in the twentieth century one of the greatest inventions. The evolution of the methodology of GDP surrenders economic concepts to political goals. GDP ceases to reliably measure the economy, but rather presents the created image, with better relation of budget deficit and public debt. It provides higher contributions to international organizations which are calculated as a percentage of GDP. Such creative national accounts cannot be the basis for effective economic policy of the country. How to explain the growth of GDP, with a simultaneous increase in unemployment, increase in rates of poverty, with higher expenditures on social assistance, and higher rate of public and private indebtedness. But such a picture of Polish economy is seen in statistical data for the last six years. This article attempts to explain the lack of any correlation of GDP growth and a lack of decline in the unemployment rate in Poland.
Subject and purpose of work: The discussion undertaken in this article concerns differences in the level of social security. The main aim is to analyse the territorial and social diversity of social security in Poland in years 2010-2014. Materials and methods: The research study presented was carried out on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of literature, statistical data, as well as the author’s reflections. Results: Differences in the level of social security to a large extent depend on the following factors: the territorial location and the size of the locality, age group, types of socio-economic groups, and type of household. Social security level is diversified territorially and socially. Conclusions: The residents of small cities from the north-east part of the country and people aged between 16-24 are most threatened with poverty. In the case of Poland a high percentage of poverty threat is a matter of concern amongst working people. The lowest poverty level is in the group of 55-year olds, that is people receiving retirement benefits.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected socio-economic and demographic determinants (the number of children in the family, father's education, standard of living, sex and age) on the pattern of consumption in adolescents occupying rural areas of the central-eastern Poland The study included 564 boys and 548 girls 10-15-years-old. Data on the socio-economic status and dietary habits were collected by means of a diagnostic survey. Dietary habits were determined based on a single 24-hour recall. Results obtained were compared with the RDA for Polish people. The effect of socio-economic and demographic determinants on the pattern of consumption were determined with the use of cluster analysis. The adolescents examined were classified into five homogenous clusters each of which corresponded to a specific pattern of consumption. It was demonstrated that standard of living and the father's education exerted a significant effect on the pattern of consumption in adolescents examined. This effect was hot indicated for the number of children in the family, age and sex.
Questionnaire research conducted all over Poland has shown that the harvesting of non-wood forest products helps to improve the living standards of poor families. In 2004, in the households under research, income from the sale of these products amounted to about 27% in summer season and nearly 18% per year of the total income of these families. The income from non-wood forest products was used mainly to buy food. The most frequently harvested products were mushrooms and forest fruit, followed by fuel, decorative branches and medicinal herbs.
The NWFPs (non-wood forest products) sector is of the crucial importance to the Polish households but its social and economic role is varied and depends on place of residence. For the inhabitants of villages and small towns forests are the place of working and NWFPs sale provides an additional financial resource. City-dwellers do not treat NWFPs as a source of income but rather as an element of recreation and they use these products mainly for their own needs. Some remarks for the developing of this sector in Poland were given in this paper.
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