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The effect of differentiated phosphorus-potassium fertilization on crop yields under simulated immission of sulphur and preventive liming was tested in a five-year pot experiment. The tests were carried out on two kinds of soil: brown (heavy loamy sand) and black earth (medium silty loam). An increased phosphorus-potassium fertilization applied under conditions of a considerable drop in the brown soil reaction brought about by sulphur immission, was found to attenuate depression in the crop yields. Now, at the prolonged sulphur application with a parallel treatment to maintain soil reaction at the level optimum for plants, interaction between sulphur doses and phosphorus-potassium fertilization was found positive. The above process began when the first negative symptoms of the sulphur impact on plants were noticed. In the case of brown soil, it took place in the second, and of black earth only in the last year of the experiment.
The study was carried out to asses the influence of soil mineral fertilization, manure application and soil liming on changes in the concentration of microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soil solution. The tests were performed on samples of sandy soil collected from long-term fertilization experiments being conducted on lessive soil of the granulometric structure of clayish sand. Soil solution was prepared with the suction method. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was determined by means of the ICP method. The results showed an increase in Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and a decrease in B and Mo in soil solution when soil was fertilized with nitrogen. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was not significantly influenced when soil was fertilized with phosphorous and potassium. Liming had a significant effect on a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and an increase in B and Mo in soil solution. Soil application of manure significantly increased the concentration of microelements in soil solution.
Polish agriculture, as distinct from the European one, has struggled with the problem of excessive soil acidification for many years. Thus, in times of strong competition on the agricultural market it is important to look for efficient and also cheap methods to ensure an improvement of acidity of Polish soils. The aim of the present study was to determine if the negative effects of acidification were of a durable nature and if these effects could be removed by single applications of relatively small doses of lime. This aim was achieved based on soil material from a long-term fertilizing experiment situated in Łyczyn, central Poland. This experiment comprises of fertilizing treatments constituting all combinations of basic nutrients used in fertilization N, P, K, Ca in only mineral fertilization system and in the system of mineral fertilization with farmyard manure (FYM). The experiment was carried out on the grey-brown podzolic soil. The chosen experimental objects were not limed since 1960 and the yields grown on these treatments were very low. As a result of a single liming, significant increase of potato, spring barley and rye yield was observed. The soil pH increase resulted in statistically proven growth of available and active phospohrus, which is evidence of the soil reserve phosphorus activation. The study results indicate that it is very easy to disturb the ion balance of sandy soil and thus reduce its productivity in unstable nutrient management conditions. On the other hand, it is possible to restore the productive value of soil with little financial input.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of liming and the application of waste organic material, i.e. sewage sludge, on the content and distribution of nickel in the fractions extracted with the BCR procedure from soil contaminated with this metal. The study was carried out on soil after a 3-year pot experiment, which included the following factors: I – nickel used in the incremental amounts 0, 50, 100 mg Ni kg-1 soil; II – liming (0 Ca and Ca according to 1 Hh of soil); and III – the addition of sewage sludge (with and without the addition of sewage sludge at the introducing dose of 2 g C kg-1 soil). The test plant was cocksfoot harvested four times (four swaths) in each plant growing season. The total content of nickel was determined with ICP-AES and its fractions with the three-stage BCR procedure. The introduction of nickel into the soil resulted in an increase in its total content and in all fractions as well as in its percentage in the exchangeable fraction. Liming reduced the mobility of nickel and decreased its content in the reducible fraction, whil inccreasing it in the residual fraction. The application of sewage sludge contributed to an increase in the total content of nickel in soil and its proportion in the oxidizable fraction. Liming and the application of sewage sludge reduced the mobility of nickel. Lime and waste organic material (i.e. sewage sludge) were found to be suitable materials for reduction of the mobility of nickel in soil contaminated with this metal.
In the two-year pot experiment on spring rape, spring barley, white mustard, and oats, the influence of sulphur fertilisation and liming on the content of available forms of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in soil was evaluated. The results received indicate that in conditions of strong acidification and lack of available sulphur, the uptake of Mg, and especially P and K used in fertilisers by the plants is limited. This is reflected in the increase in the soils richness in the available forms of these elements. The effectiveness of fertilisation with P, K, and Mg increased significantly in sites fertilised with sulphur and limed.
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