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Experimental infection of Alstroemeria seedlings with naturally infected lily ‘Casablanca’ with stunting and flower bud deficiency phytoplasma resulted 3–4 weeks after top grafting in chlorotic and/or necrotic stripes, whitening of the leaves, shoot necrosis and die back. Flower discoloration or malformation were not observed. Attempts to transmit phytoplasma from naturally infected lily and experimentally infected Alstroemeria to Catharanthus roseus by top grafting resulted in stunted growth, dull yellowing and malformation of the leaves in 4–6 weeks. Some plants were temporary entirely vegetative and did not produce flowers. The periwinkle plants that were bridged by Cuscuta odorata from the diseased lilies and Alstroemerias showed similar symptoms as top-grafted ones. With the universal primer pairs rU3/fU5 specific PCR product with expected length ∼900 was amplified from samples collected from lilies with severe symptoms and top grafted test plants. All PCR products used for RFLP analysis after digestion with Alu I showed the same restriction profiles. Position of three obtained bands corresponded to the lengths of the DNA fragments of American aster yellows (AAY) phytoplasma group.
The presence of phytoplasmas in Lilium sp. showing severely stunted growth, leaf malformation and flower buds deficiency was demonstrated for the first time using polymerase chain reaction assays with primers amplifying phytoplasma 16S rDNA regions. These phytoplasmas were found in leaves as well as roots and bulb scales of symptomatic and CMV and/or LSV affected and asymptomatic virus-free lilies.
Chromosome morphology was studied in lily genotypes L. candidum, L. x formolongi, L. henryi and L. pumilum, and cultivars ‘Alma Ata,’ ‘Expression,’ ‘Marco Polo,’ ‘Muscadet’ and ‘Star Gazer’ belonging to the horticultural group Oriental hybrids. All genotypes tested represented 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes. Chromosomal markers were established after Feulgen and silver staining, from analysis of the chromosome length and position of the primary and secondary constrictions. For each chromosome the arm index was calculated. Based on these data, idiograms were drawn. For the genotypes analyzed the markers were the secondary constrictions, as confirmed by silver staining. Chromosome length can be used as a marker in only a few cases. From 4 to 10 chromosomes could be identified using secondary constrictions as markers, depending on the genotype. Markers are proposed for each possible species x cultivar and cultivar x species combination.
Lillies bulbs are infected by many fungi species. Among the isolated fungi species most often were identificated: F. oxysporum, P verrucosum var corymbiferum. Cylindrocarpun didyuum and Phoma glomerata. All the mention fungi species turned out pathogenic to lilies bulbs. Cylindrocarpon didymum and Phoma glome ra ta were not reported till now as pathogenic to lily. Fungi most often isolated from lily infected covering scales and roots. Among the tested cultivars the most susceptible to fungal infection are Regale and Royal Gold.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate effects of gibberellic acid and the standard preservative (composed of 8HQC and sucrose) on keeping qualities of cut lily flowering shoots (L. longiflorum × Asiatic hybrid, ‘Richmond’). These effects were tested in several experimental variants: the complete leafy shoot with the inflorescence (flowering shoot), inflorescence on a leafless shoot, decapitated leafy shoot, detached inflorescence and single leaves, in order to see how the components of a holding solution affect the particular plant organs on a lily flowering shoot. An experimental variant affected flower bud opening but less so the flower longevity. Keeping qualities such as vase life of lily flower and inflorescence, rate of bud opening and flower diameter were improved by the preservative only on a complete flowering shoot. Gibberellic acid as well the mixture of GA3 plus the standard preservative prolonged longevity of flowers in all the experimental variants. Gibberellic acid delayed leaf yellowing which was in turn hastened by the preservative except in leaves on decapitated shoots. Leaf senescence was the earliest in detached single leaves.
The effect of two plant growth regulators on the initiation of callus and regeneration of L. martagon was studied on modified MS medium. The cultures were initiated using seeds. The explants were isolated from different parts of seedlings (hypocotyls, seedling bulb, root) and adventitious bulblets. The growth regulators stimulated various types of callus. 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Picloram) induced a yellow, friable, granular callus, whereas benzyladenine (BA) alone induced a cream-white, compact callus. MS medium containing Picloram plus BA stimulated a yellow, compact, granular callus. The most useful explants for callus initiation were seedling bulbs and adventitious bulblet scales. The most efficient embryogenic callus was obtained on MS medium containing 5 µM Picloram and 5 µM BA. Histological studies showed that the embryogenic callus was formed at the epidermal cells and near vascular bundles of explants. Somatic embryos were solitary, whereas adventitious bulblets were closely connected with vascular tissue. No differences in the amount of DNA between scale tissue and callus were observed. Lilium martagon L. is an endangered species in Poland. In vitro culture techniques can play an important role in the future protection of this rare plant species.
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