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1
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Leaf architecture, lignification, and tensile strength during vegetative phase change in Zea mays

100%
Balsamo R. A., Orkwiszewski J. A. J.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
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2008
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tom 77
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nr 3
181-188
Background and Aims: Leaf morphology, anatomy, degree of lignification, and tensile strength were studied during vegetative phase change in an inbred line of Zea mays (OH43 x W23) to determine factors that influence mechanical properties during development. Methods: Tensometer, light microscopy, histochemistry. Key results: Mature leaf length increased linearly with plant development, peaked at leaves 7 and 8 (corresponding to the onset of the adult phase) and then declined. Leaf width was stable for leaves 1 through 3, increased to leaf 7, remained stable to leaf 10, and then declined through leaf 13. Lamina thickness was highest for leaf 1 and decreased throughout development. Leaf failure load to width ratio and failure load to thickness ratio increased with development suggesting that changes in leaf morphology during development do not entirely account for increases in failure load. Histochemical analyses revealed that leaf tensile strength correlates with percent lignification and the onset of anatomical adult features at various developmental stages. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that in Zea mays lignification of the midrib parenchyma and epidermis may be directly correlated with increased tensile strength associated with phase change from juvenility to adulthood. Failure load and resultant tensile strength values are primarily determined by the percent tissue lignification and the appearance of leaf architectural characters that are associated with the transition from the juvenile to the adult phase. Increased mechanical stability that occurs during the phase transition from juvenility to adulthood may signify a fundamental change in strategy for an individual plant from rapid growth (survival) to reproduction.
2
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Rooting of azalea shoot cuttings depending on the degree of lignification

100%
Nawrocka-Grzeskowiak U., Grzeskowiak W.
Dendrobiology
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2003
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tom 49
Relationship between the degree of cutting lignification and rooting ability was studied. Anatomical changes in cuttings were observed, too. The study involved azalea hybrids from groups: Gent, Rustica Flore Pleno, Occidentale and Knap Hill, which can be propagated vegetatively by shoot cuttings. The cuttings were apical parts of shoots, 7-10 cm long. They were collected at various stages of lignification. Rooting was performed in a greenhouse with controlled temperature of the rooting bed. Only the penetrating observation of mother plants allows to determine the best period of taking the cuttings. The cuttings were treated with a growth regulator, 0.5% IBA (indolebutyric acid), combined with Captan in talcum powder. Sand and peat (1:2) were used as a medium for rooting.
3
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Anatomical study on the developing pericarp of selected Rosa species (Rosaceae)

80%
Guzicka M., Zielinski J., Tomaszewski D., Gawlak M.
Dendrobiology
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2012
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tom 68
Results of anatomical studies on the developing pericarp of selected wild roses are presented. Using SEM and CLSM, the changes in the pericarp structure of 5 species have been observed during its formation, from the flowering stage to fully ripe achenes. In the morphological development of the pericarp of Rosa species two main phases can be distinguished: the phase of intensive growth of the pericarp during which the fruit achieves its final shape and volume, and the subsequent phase of pericarp ripening when no significant morphological changes in the pericarp occur. Similarly, in the process of the anatomical development of the pericarp two phases are noticeable, however, during both stages, great internal changes proceed in the fruit. The first phase consists of intensive cell divisions and enlargement, gradual thickening of cell walls and formation of all pericarp layers. Due to these changes, the pericarp achieves its final anatomical structure. The second phase, involving the pericarp ripening, is manifested in the modification of cell walls, mainly by their quick thickening, but first of all by their lignification. The lignification of pericarp cell walls begins in the inner endocarp; it proceeds in the outer endocarp, later in mesocarp and finishes in the hypodermal cells of the exocarp. The epidermal cells remain alive the longest and their walls do not (or hardly) become lignified. The death of all cells finishes the pericarp ripening.
4
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The longest living xylem cells locked in lignified cell walls – the case of xylem parenchyma in European ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) stems

80%
Bieniasz A., Tulik M.
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica
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2022
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tom 64
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nr 2
5

Structure, function and metabolism of plant cell wall

80%
Kaczkowski J.
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
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2003
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tom 25
|
nr 3
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