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Molecular docking simulations are now fast developing area of research. In this work we describe an effective procedure of preparation of the receptor-ligand complexes. The amino-acid residues involved in ligand binding were identified and described.
Preparation of solid dispersions is a popular pharmaceutical technology designed to improve the solubility and absorption characteristics of drugs. Solubilizing and moisturizing of carriers show influence on therapeutic substances; although dissolution of molecular dispersion of particles of the therapeutic substance in a neutral carrier is of utmost importance. This paper present the results of the research on influence of modification the structure of magnesium nicotinate Mg(Nic) with ligands, glycine and arginine, on the absorption process of Mg2+ions in vitro. The absorption area was the small intestine of a rat. It was found that structural changes with an additional arginine or glycine ligand affect the absorption process of Mg2+ions. Moreover, the effect of hydrophilic carriers on the partition coefficient (log P) for the system of n-octanol and phosphate buffer was investigated for the solid dispersions containing the examined magnesium salts. Phosphatidylcholine (PC-45) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP K-30) were used as carriers for solid dispersions with of magnesium salts. It was confirmed that using auxiliary substances PC-45 and PVP changes significantly (p<0.05) P values, corresponding to increasing hydrophobic properties of solid dispersions of the examined salts. It was found that modification of the structure of magnesium nicotinate by amino acids such as arginine or glycine positively influences the absorption process Mg2+ ions. The research carried out on properties of the solid dispersions containing magnesium salts and phospatidylcholine (PC-45) or magnesium salts and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP K30) showed positive influence of these auxiliary substances.
The purpose of the experiments was to examine the anxiety-related effects of d-amphetamine and nicotine, and the possible involvement of the endocannabinoid system. D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip) was administered acutely or daily for 8 days. On the 9th day, mice were challenged with d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip) or nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, sc), and were tested in the elevated plus maze. Additionally, a distinct group of mice was pretreated with an acute (0.1 mg/kg, sc) or subchronic nicotine (6 days), and subjected to nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, sc) or d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip) challenge on the 7th day. The cannabinoid receptor ligands, WIN 55,212-2, a non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist (0.25; 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, ip) and rimonabant, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist (0.25; 0.5; 1 and 2 mg/kg, ip) were injected prior to each injection of saline or acute and subchronic d-amphetamine or nicotine. We observed that acute anxiogenic and subchronic anxiolytic effects of both psychostimulants as well as the development of full cross-tolerance to their anxiogenic effects were dose-dependently blunted by ineffective doses of WIN 55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and rimonabant (0.5 and 1 mg/kg). These results provide evidence that the endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in the anxiety-related responses to d-amphetamine and/or nicotine.
Background: Computational (in silico) methods, such as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are already well recognized and used in many screening programs related to environmental, industrial and medical chemistry. The main idea of the QSAR is that there is a relationship between molecular structure and ultimate biological effect caused by a chemical compound. In this respect the approach could be used successfully for prediction of various biological endpoints caused by chemical compounds including receptor binding affinity. Aim of the study: In the current study the capabilities for structure-activity modelling incorporated in noncommercial software tool have been employed for investigating the binding effect of xenobiotics toward estrogen and human pregnane X receptor. Material and methods: The analysis was performed by making use of the non-commercial software platform QSAR Toolbox. This system allows application of a set of built-in models for different biological effects, and also allows incorporation of new models for other endpoints. Results: Two models have been applied for predicting the binding effect toward estrogen and human pregnane X receptors of a large number of chemicals collected in a single database of high practical concern. The results show that there are many chemicals which are able to bind the investigated receptors. Since those chemicals are encountered in the environment, they could be considered as potential threat for society. Conclusions: The obtained results could be used as initial step for further experimental testing of those chemicals in order to confirm their potential to harm biological systems in the body.
Pteridophytes and more specifically ferns represent a large but threatened group of plants which often serve as important environmental markers for pollution. Reports regarding stress responses in ferns are rare, apart from a few studies involving the ecological distribution and molecular marker studies. This work isolates a glutathione peroxidase enzyme from an aquatic fern widely distributed in fresh and polluted water bodies adjacent to sources of environmental polluted sources. Further computational analyses were performed to study the structure of the protein encoded by the open reading frame. Results indicate the presence of a large number of binding pockets which serve as important binding sites in the interactions with the cognate ligands.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARgamma) are ligand-inducible transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. We examined the effect of PPARgamma activation on the generation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major angiogenic agents. Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and murine macrophages RAW264.7 were incubated for 24 h with PPARgamma activators: prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone. PPARgamma were expressed in VSMC and RAW cells and their activity was upregulated in the presence of PGJ2 and ciglitazone. Incubation of the cells with PPARgamma activators significantly augmented the release of VEGF protein into the media, both in resting and in IL-1beta- or LPS-stimulated cultures. The higher protein generation was connected with the increased expression of mRNA and transcriptional activation of VEGF promoter. We conclude that the activation of PPARgamma upregulates the generation of VEGF and may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis.
Congo red and a group of structurally related dyes long used to stain amyloid proteins are known to associate in water solutions. The self-association of some dyes belonging to this group appears particularly strong. In water solutions their molecules are arranged in ribbon-like micellar forms with liquid crystalline properties. These compounds have recently been found to form complexeswith some native proteins in a non-standard way. Gaps formed by the local distribution of β-sheets in proteins probably represent the receptor sites for these dye ligands. They may result from higher structural instability in unfolding conditions, but also may appear as long range cooperative fluctuations generated by ligand binding. Immunoglobulins G were chosen as model binding proteins to check the mechanism of binding of these dyes. The sites of structural changes generated by antigen binding in antibodies, believed to act as a signal propagated to distant parts of the molecule, were assumed to be suitable sites for the complexation of liquid-crystalline dyes. This assumption was confirmed by proving that antibodies engaged in immune complexation really do bind these dyes; as expected, this binding affects their function by significantly enhancing antigen binding and simultaneously inhibiting C1q attachment. Binding of these supramolecular dyes by some other native proteins including serpins and their natural complexes was also shown. The strict dependence of the ligation properties on strong self-assembling and the particular arrangement of dye molecules indicate that supramolecularity is the feature that creates non-standard protein ligands, with potential uses in medicine and experimental science.
We predict some essential interactions between the V2 vasopressin renal receptor (V2R) and its selective peptide antagonist desGly9-[Mca1,D-Ile2,Ile4]AVP, and compare these predictions with the earlier ones for the non-peptide OPC-36120 antagonist- and the [Arg8]vasopressin (AVP) agonist-V2 receptor interactions. V2R controls antidiuresis in mammals and belongs to the superfamily of the heptahelical transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)s. V2R was built, the ligands docked and the structures relaxed using advanced molecular modeling techniques. Both the agonist and the antagonists (no matter whether of peptide- or non-peptide type) appear to prefer a common V2R compartment for docking. The receptor amino-acid residues, potentially important in ligand binding, are mainly in the TM3-TM7 helices. A few of these residues are invariant for the whole GPCR superfamily while most of them are conserved in the subfamily of neurohypophyseal receptors, to which V2R belongs. Some of the equivalent residues in a related V1a receptor have been earlier reported as critical for the ligand affinity.
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