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Probing behaviour of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) on agarose-sucrose gels containing gramine at concentrations between 0.01 mM and 100 mM was examined using the EPG, electrical penetration graph technique. The following effects were recorded: the decrease in the number of probes, extension of the pathway phases, representing the penetration of leaf tissues by the aphid stylets and subsequent probing before reaching phloem and a strong reduction of the phases E1, E2 and G reflecting the activities of the stylets within the phloem and xylem elements as the consequence of increase in the gramine content in the gels. Accordingly, gramine appears to be the ‘anti-feedant’ compound towards the grain aphid. Its role as a probing stimulant for the aphid is discussed.
High yields of viable protoplasts were obtained from the mesophyll leaf tissue of young seedlings of Lycopersicon glandulosum grown in vitro at 80 µmol s-1m-2 irradiance and 23°-24°C. The isolated protoplasts were cultured first on a modified semiliquid medium of Tan et al. (1987 b), on which they formed microcalli, and afterwards on a greening medium consisting of MS micro/macro nutrients, Nitsch vitamins and 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.05 mg/l NAA. The green budding calli were in turn transferred to the same medium with BAP and NAA replaced by 2.0 mg/l zeatin + 0.1 mg/l IAA, on which they developed shoots. The regenerated shoots were rooted in 1/3 MS medium without growth regulators, and subsequently planted into pots in the greenhouse. The whole process of regeneration from the moment of protoplast isolation up to the flowering of regenerated plants lasted ~6 months. The regenerated tomatoes were morphologically identical to their parental source plants.
The in vivo and in vitro effects of UV-C (254 nm) exposure (0.039 watt · m-2 · s for 2 h) of currant tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium), indigenous to Peru and Ecuador, were assayed. H2O2 deposits, dead cells and DNA damage were localized, 12/24 h after irradiation, mainly in periveinal parenchyma of the 1st and 2nd order veins of the leaves, and before the appearance of visible symptoms, which occurred 48 h after irradiation. Cell death index was of 43.5 ± 12% in exposed leaf tissues, 24 h after treatment. In currant tomato protoplasts, the percentage of viable cells dropped 1 h after UV-C irradiation from 97.42 ± 2.1% to 43.38 ± 4.2%. Afterwards, the protoplast viability progressively decreased to 40.16 ± 7.25% at 2 h, to 38.31 ± 6.9% at 4 h, and to 36.46 ± 1.84% at 6 h after the exposure. The genotoxic impact of UV-C radiation on protoplasts was assessed with single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, or comet assay). UV-C treatment greatly enhanced DNA migration, with 75.37 ± 3.7% of DNA in the tail versus 7.88 ± 5.5% in the case of untreated nuclei. Oxidative stress by H2O2, used as a positive control, induced a similar damage on non-irradiated protoplasts, with 71.59 ± 5.5% of DNA in the tail, whereas oxidative stress imposed on UV-C irradiated protoplasts slightly increased the DNA damage (85.13 ± 4.1%). According to these results, SCGE of protoplasts could be an alternative to nuclei extraction directly from leaf tissues.
The production costs force the orchids growers to look for media that could become an alternative for the basic ones. Phalaenopsis plants (ex in vitro) were planted into containers filled with different media: New Zealand sphagnum moss, mixture of expanded clay pellets and New Zealand sphagnum moss (v:v = 1:1) and expanded clay pellets. Originally, orchids were grown in translucent plastic pots of 7 cm diameter (8,5 months) and then, they were transferred to translucent plastic pots of 11 cm diameter and 0.5 dm3 capacity. Effect of medium on the size of plant, hydratation of leaves tissue and flowering was evaluated. Orchids grown in New Zealand sphagnum moss create a significantly greater mass of the aboveground plant part and the roots. Also parameters characterizing the inflorescence and flowers indicate that the most favorable for the orchids is to grow them in sphagnum moss. The least favorable growth conditions were provided by the growing in expanded clay pellets without any additions. In this medium, only 25 to 35% of plants flowered.
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