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The research presented in this paper concerns the diversity and spatial structure of town green areas. Its goal was to compare the dendroflora of the “Wschód” estate in Świdnik with similar urban architectural complexes that have been analysed thus far. The purpose of this research was also to compile an inventory and to determine the species diversity of trees and shrubs that grow within the estate, as well as to indicate their composition and spatial function.
Fast land use changes have strongly affected arid and semi-arid regions at a global scale, affecting food security of the inhabitants of these regions. This study evaluated the fragmentation degree in the Chihuahua´s desert region of Mexico by using data from the Landsat TM sensor. Nine scenes, taken with Landsat TM5 sensor from the years 1990, 2000, and 2012, were used for the analysis. The coverage of seven land uses (grasslands, shrubland, croplands, sandy desert vegetation, forest, water bodies, and urban areas) was obtained under supervised classification techniques and the accuracy level was evaluated through the Kappa multi-varied discrete index. The classification showed a good reliance level having global accuracies of 93, 93.2 and 90.3% for the years 1990, 2000 and 2012, respectively. The fragmentation analysis showed an increase in the number of patches, an indicator of the ecosystem degradation process. The patches number increased from 8,354.23 in 1990 to 9,658.36 in 2000 and to 11,469 in 2012. Simpson and Shannon diversity indexes proved a clear fragmentation process. During the period of 1990−2012, grasslands were the most affected vegetation type with a reduction of 30.7% in its area. Such reduction was mainly attributed to invasions of shrubland communities and to an increase in cropland areas.
Using data from the National Wolf Census, carried out in Poland in 2000–2001, and GIS techniques we analysed habitat selection by wolvesCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 in uplands and mountains of southern Poland. We compared ten habitat variables and two parameters related to wolf abundance in 52 circular plots (154 km2 each) with recorded wolves and 97 randomly selected plots with no signs of wolf presence. Wolf plots were characterized by higher elevation and closer location to the state border than wolf-free plots. Furthermore, wolf plots had higher forest cover, but smaller number of villages and towns and shorter railways and roads than plots without wolves. The best model explaining wolf distribution included forest cover, number of villages, length of roads and railway lines. Compared to northern Poland, the southern part of the country offers worse habitats for wolves due to significantly denser network of settlements and transportation routes.
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