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This article presents the analysis and assessment of the labour market at the time of implementing the system of market economy in Ukraine. The analysis is conducted based on the principles of new institutional economy. The objective of the study is to identify the main trends of the economic development and labour market to analyse public policy in the area of employment and provide some of recommendations for improving labour market in the current socioeconomic conditions. The study has been based on the available statistical data as well as national and foreign literature with a particular focus on the new institutional economy. Also state legislation concerning labour market and employment in Ukraine has been referred to. The analysis and assessment of the status of employment and the functioning of labour market in Ukraine concerned the period from 2010 to 2014. Until 2013 both the number of employment and the employment rate increased slowly but systematically. In 2014 a rapid labour market collapse occurred. Transformations of labour market and rationalisations of ployment are related to structural transformations and the implementation of the system of market economy. New legislative basics and institutional changes ought to be continued while taking into account the need of qualitative changes and purposeful shaping of policy of labour market expansion.
В статье проанализировано влияние рынка труда на формирование магистерских программ подготовки специалистов (магистров) для инженерно-технического обеспечения агропромышленного сектора экономики. Значительное внимание уделяется основным факторам качества учебного процесса подготовки специалистов (магистров) для инженерно-технического обеспе- чения агропромышленного сектора экономики.
Unemployment, which also hits people with higher education, is one of the major socio-economic problems in Poland. This unfavourable situation is caused by the wrong conception of higher education which doesn't prepare graduates for employers' requirements. Curriculum strategies that have been followed contributed to the situation where many faculties at universities are perceived as the admission pass to professions poorly paid or even as those ones that don't give the opportunity of finding any job in the future. The author of this paper presents results of research performed among graduates of geographical studies in the system of two-stage studies (Bachelor's three-year studies and Master's two-year studies) and Master's five year-studies at Pedagogical University of Cracow. The main aims of this research were as follows: • Getting to know how graduates assess the competences acquired during their studies. These competences are regarded as the key ones in tuning research on a European scale; • Getting to know geographical studies graduates' plans, expectations and attitudes towards challenges of labour market. The results obtained proved that geography graduates, especially those with Bachelor's degree assessed most of the key competences as good and very good. Criteria which are taken into account while choosing a job are not dependent on money. The dominant criteria are the ability to join work with passions and the prospects for professional development. Respondents declared the intention to look for a job in the education sector and the civil service by means of the direct contact with an employer.
Subject and purpose of work: This paper presents the development of human capital on the labour market of the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship in 2004-2017. Materials and methods: The study uses methods of literature review and comparative analysis based on data provided by Statistics Poland. Results: The results of the analysis show that constant development of human capital is taking place in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, and its level measured by the number of students and graduates of universities, as well as the number of registered patents is comparable to the average in Poland. The high quality of human capital contributed to achieving above-average economic results and household incomes. Conclusions: Development of human capital and raising professional qualifications at post-graduate studies was particularly important in the period of negative impact on the Polish economy of the financial crises of 2007-2009 and 2010-2012. A combination of higher education and innovative abilities, as well as involvement in R&D contributed to the increased competitiveness of the voivodeship's economy.
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Unemployment in rural areas in Poland

75%
The deagrarization process which manifests itself through the systematic decreasing of the role of agriculture in the productive involvement of human labour, as well as providing income for maintaining the rural population is progressing in the Polish countryside. Statistical data, regardless of the source, shows an unfavourable situation on the labour market for the population residing in rural areas. In the recent years, the number of persons registered as being unemployed increased. At the end of 2011, registered unemployment in rural areas achieved a level of 874.5 thousand persons, and the residents of the rural areas constituted 44.11% of all the registered unemployed. Unemployment in rural areas is a derivative of unemployment in the entire economy, the low mobility of rural residents, as well as the limited possibilities of the labour market in rural areas. It differs from unemployment in urban areas. It is of a more permanent nature, and the labour market is not as fl exible. Among the unemployed in rural areas, the non-agricultural population (not having farms) is in a much worse situation as compared to the population connected with agriculture.
The subject of analysis is the process of entering the labour market, considered in relation to the rural youth in selected post-communist countries (Poland, Romania, Russia, China and Vietnam). The empirical basis are different types of existing data (scientific monographs, papers, national and international reports, official statistics) collected in an international project funded by the National Science Centre, Poland. Transition from education to satisfactory employment which, at present times, takes almost the whole third decade of young people’s lives, is only an external indication of transformations in the labour markets all over the world. In the analysed group of the countries, Poland is the only case where both using new educational offers and positive valuation of living in the countryside occur to the extent unobserved in other countries; nevertheless, Polish young people also see their life opportunities in the cities where they compete for employment. Rural youth in all the analyzed countries usually represents the type of chaotic careers, situating it in segments of informal work, temporary or self-employment.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the paper is to identify non-economic factors influencing employment in non-governmental organizations in the Subcarpathian Province. Materials and methods: Surveys were conducted in a group of 30 people managing non-governmental organizations. Results: In the Subcarpathian Province, the factors not connected to economy that encourage involvement in the work of non-governmental organisations include education, marital status, labour market activity, gender, religiousness, and moral authority associated with charitable activities. The factors such as age, personal experience of difficult life situations, or observing charity activities done by family members and friends have an insignificant effect on the involvement in the work of nongovernmental entities. Conclusions: The activities of state institutions of social policy whose goal is to increase the participation of citizens in the third sector entities should aim to give them an opportunity of obtaining the highest level of education possible, stable employment in the labour market, as well as creating conditions for families to function properly. Moreover, public institutions should conduct social campaigns to show citizens that working in the third sector enriches their social and personal life.
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Labour migration of Poles

75%
Subject and purpose of work: The contemporary labour market in Poland is characterised by a large scale of migration of people, caused by the desire to find a good job. This situation is facilitated by the possibility of free movement within the European Union. The purpose of this study is to present the concept of migration, its types, causes and effects. Statistics related to the labour migration of Poles are also presented. The subject of the study is the migration activity of Poles abroad. The obtained data are presented using the descriptive method and graphical methods. Materials and methods: National literature and statistical data were used during the work on the research problem. Results: Statistics showing the scale of the migration phenomenon in Poland are presented. The research period covered the years 2013-2018. Conclusions: Over the period under consideration, the number of Poles travelling abroad for work purposes decreased. This may be due to the decreasing number of unemployed people and the lower unemployment rate in Poland. At the same time, an increasing number of job offers in the national labour market can be observed.
The paper has been prepared on the basis of the results of the study conducted as part of the project: “The determinants of economic activity of the disabled living in rural areas” co-financed by PFRON (State Fund for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled). A group of 5000 disabled people has been surveyed. The purpose of the paper was to inquire about the opinion of the disabled living in rural areas on the subject of their situation on the local job market. In the analysis, demographic features have been take into account (such as sex, age, education), as features differentiating the disabled persons living in rural areas, who in the survey evaluated the local job market. Most of the inquired consider the situation on the local job market to be bad or very bad, with respect to the chances of finding a job, a number of job offers, and their attractiveness. It is necessary to implement measures and programs that would help the disabled find a job, and at the same time, motivate the employers to hire them. The research results show that the steps taken so far are insufficient.
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