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The investigation of sound extinction and echo interference is important as regards the accurate assessment of the abundance of densely aggregated zooplankton. To study these effects, the analytical model describing sound backscattering by an aggregation of isotropic scatterers (Rytov et al. 1978, Sun & Gimenez 1992) has been extended to the case of densely aggregated elongated zooplankton. The evaluation of the effects in the case of a dense krill aggregation demonstrates that they can be significant and should be taken into account.
This study describes the seasonal and annual changes in the diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) through the analysis of faeces collected on shore during four summer seasons (1993/94-1996/97) in the area of Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetlands). Krill was the most frequent prey, found in 88.3% of the 473 samples. Fish was present in 84.7% of the samples, cephalopods and penguins in 12.5% each. Of the 3832 isolated otoliths, 3737 were identified as belonging to 17 fish species. The most numerous species were: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Electrona antarctica, Chionodraco rastro- spinosus, Pleuragramma antarcticum, and Notolepis coatsi. In January, almost exclusively, were taken pelagic Myctophidae constituting up to 90% of the total consumed fish biomass. However, in February and March, the number of bentho-pelagic Channichthyidae and Noto- theniidae as well as pelagic Paralepididae increased significantly, up to 45% of the biomass. In April the biomass of Myctophidae increased again. The frequency of squid and penguin occurrence was similar and low, but considering the greater individual body mass of penguins, their role as a food item may be much greater. In March and April, penguins could be as important prey item as fish. The amount of krill in the diet of Antarctic fur seals declined with a concomitant decrease in the mature krill availability. This appears to have been compensated by an increased frequency of the fur seal to eat fish and penguins.
This paper presents the results of 15 zooplankton tows collected with a Tucker Trawl (1 m2 opening, net of 2 mm mesh size) in Kongsfjorden (79◦N), Svalbard archipelago. The hydroacoustic survey revealed clear differences between the plankton concentrations in the outer and inner fjord basins. Plankton concentrations and fish were observed in the outer fjord, while uniformly scattered objects were detected in the inner basin. The macroplankton community was dominated by Euphausiacea (Thysanoessa inermis, Thysanoessa rashii), Amphipoda (Themisto libellula) and Pteropoda (Limacina helicina). Other taxa were of minor numerical importance. The macroplankton abundance reached 3300 indiv. 100−1 m−3 with a maximum biomass of 100 g wet weight 100−1 m−3 (over 440 kJ 100−1 m−3). L. helicina was advected into the fjord with surface waters, and was found in large abundance (1000 indiv. 100−1 m−3) in the subsurface layers of the inner basin. Euphausids were present in small numbers at the entrance to the fjord, but were found to be very abundant (600 indiv. 100−1 m−3) at the innermost stations, especially in the surface water layer. The estuarine circulation driven by the glacial meltwater discharge is believed to cause the entrapment of zooplankton in the inner fjord basin.
In total, 400 teleosts of 32 species (7 families) were examined. Cercoids of Tetraphyllidea (about 41 thousands) occurred in 204 host specimens of 26 species. Three morphological forms of cercoids were recognized. They were cercoids with bothridia divided into two and three loculi, and cercoids with subcylindrical bothridia. All forms were found in fishes from the Weddell Sea for the first time. Cercoids with bilocular bothridia were the most abundant form (90.7% of all specimens); cercoids with trilocular bothridia and cercoids with subcylindrical bothridia were less numerous (6.6 and 2.7% of all specimens, respectively). Cercoids concentrated in obligatory or facultative predators, whereas pelagic and bentho-pelagic fishes feeding on crill, were rarely infected. Chionodraco hamatus was the most heavily infected - prevalence 100%, relative density 903.
From three krili products (powder, precipitate, and protein concentrate), 132 volatile compounds including 38 hydrocarbons, 18 alcohols, 16 aldehydes, 13 ketones, 22 nitric compounds, 10 fatty acids, 6 sulfuric compounds, and 11 other, have been isolated and identified using GC-MS, and distilling as well as extractive techniques. Total volatile compounds content (expressed as dry weight of the product) in krill protein concentrate, krill powder, and krill precipitate amounted to 75.41, 35.58, and 29.25 mg/kg, respectively. It was found that the specific smell of krill powder was due to: piperazine, 2-metyl-N-phenyl-propanoamide-2, dodecanoic acid amine, 4-methylthiazole, dimethyl trisulphide, pentadecanocarboxylic acid, 2,3-dihydroinden-lH-on-l, and heptadecanocarboxylic acid, and that of krill precipitate was due to nonadien-3,6-ol-1, methyl ester of 4,7,10- hexadecanotrienoic acid, 2,4-dimethyl-pentanol-2, tricyclodecanodimethanol, 3-dodecenylo-dihydro-2,5-furandion, heptenal-4, and octen-2-ol-1. It was further found that the specific smell of krill concentrate was due to: 4-methylpyrimidine, 4-methylpyridine, azulene and furandion derivatives, and methyl ester of 4,7,10-hexadecanotrienoic acid. Variations in qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile compounds in products under test were found to be due to differences in the process of production, in particular within parameters of heat treatment.
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