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The article describes the process of healing fractures in animals. It includes descriptions of mechanisms from the beginning of the process including inflammation, osteogenic induction and callus formation up to callus remodeling into the finished bone. It takes into the account the influence of osteosynthesis and medical modes of conduct in the healing process.
Glucocorticoids play an important role in general growth and the maintenance of bone mass in the skeleton. Steroid therapy induces bone loss and influences the transcription of some regulatory factors determining the ratio of bone turnover. Glucocorticoids increase bone resorption and decrease bone formation which leads to diminishing bone mass and bone mineral density. Osteoporosis is globally one of the most common metabolic bone diseases, and has increasingly been recognized as being a major public health issue. Glucocorticoids increase the risk of rib and limb bone fractures by modifying and decreasing bone quality. Glucocorticoids are very often used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs for serious rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases in large groups of young children, and Glucocorticoids therapy is also used for children and youth having asthma as well as being administered during pregnancy in order to improve lung morphology in premature fetuses. No glucocorticoid drugs which would act without negative side effects are currently available. This review presents the mechanisms of glucocorticoid action based on the latest research and newest factors controlling bone remodeling such as osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin-ligands.
The changes of the relationship between force and deformation of pelvic and pectoral limb bones were measured in broiler chickens during the first 10 weeks of life with INSTRON 4302 apparatus. The female chickens were divided into 3 groups at 4,8 and 10 weeks of age and male chickens created one group at 8 weeks of age. With increasing age the progressive increase of the resilience and the resitance to the deformation and fracture forces of bones was observed, with higher values in the pelvic than pectoral limbs. The value of fracture force in the femur increased in female chickens from the lowest value at 4 weeks of age to the highest value at 10 weeks of age. A similar increase was observed in other limb bones of the female chickens during 10 weeks of their lives. Male chickens were characterized by higher values of resilience and fracture forces in comparison to values from female chickens at the same age. The results obtained indicate to a progressive increase in the resilience and resistance of bones in chickens during their development between 4 and 10 weeks of age with higher values in male chickens and, moreover, present a possibility of developmental estimation of skeletal remodeling and mineralization with the applied method. The implications of the observed changes to the locomotor function of bones in the developing stages of chickens have been discussed.
HMB, or -beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, is a metabolite of the Leucine amino acid and is produced naturally by the human body. HMB is produced from ketoisocaproate (KIC) a metabolite of leucine by the KIC-dioxygenase enzyme. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the structural strength of bones and the mineral density (BMD) of femur and lumbar vertebrae bones (L2-L4) in rats with established osteopenia. The experiment was conducted on 30 female Wistar rats, aged 3 months with an initial body weight of approximately 250 g. The femur was isolated on day 60 of the experiment and the three point bending test and BMD were performed. The lumbar vertebrae (l2-L4) were also investigated. The study revealed that beta-hydroxy and beta-methylbutyrate added to drinking water has a positive effect on BMD in femur, lumbar vertebrae and bone strength in ovariectomized Wistar rats.
The term “aggressive change” has been applied in radiology to describe pathological processes that are characterized by a violent and rapid development, connected with a very weak or even no reaction from the organism. Basic radiographic features that can decide whether the character of the process developing in bones is aggressive are: extraosseous extension/soft tissue mass, periosteal reaction, lesion margin, bone destruction, or rate of change. In this article the rules of interpretation concerning changes that have been noticed on the radiograph have been presented, without delving into the details of establishing the diagnosis of diseases. The degree of aggressiveness of individual radiographic features of abnormal bone tissue can occur differently. They should always be taken into consideration together. Yet those features which indicate a more aggressive character of the pathological process are deigned to be more important.
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