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The small solitary coral dominated, Grypophyllum-Chostophyllum association, a pioneer coral community, is widely distributed at the base of the Givetian Burdekin Formation of north Queensland in the mixed arkose-carbonate sediments. It is succeeded by fasciculate coral dominated, Dendrostella trigemne association, which is mainly associated with wackestone or bioclastic calcirudite of inner shelf, lagoonal or protected environments. The Australophyllum-Sanidophyllum association, Blysmatophyllunt-Iotuaphgllum schlueteri association, and Spongophgllstm association, all dominated by in situ, large massive coral colonies, formed biostromal deposits on the margins of the basin. They developed in nearshore environments during the maximum flooding in the region. The Aphyllum salmoni-Stringophgllum (Neospongophyllum) bipartitum association indicates relatively deeper, mid-outer shelf environments connected with maximum flooding in the depocentre and least terrigenous influx. The massive coral dominated Endophyllum columna-Stringophyllum (Stringophyllum) isactis association, developed in the initial regressive phase, forms a distinctive biostromal unit at the top of the Burdekin Formation. The Lekanophyllum association developed at the base of the Cultivation Gully Formation in a very shallow nearshore environment with a large terrigendus influx as a result of the basin wide, relatively rapid regression. It is characterised by the abundant occurrence of solitary corals and large sized, cerioid Endophyllum columna, which often formed micro-atolls. Rugose corals were better adapted than stromatoporoids to survive of mud inllux.
The Mesozoic families Microsolenidae, Latomeandridae, Synastreidae and Cunnolitidae basically differ from the Recent fungiids, with which they had traditionally been classified due to their having synapticulae and porous septa. We propose a new suborder Microsolenina for these families because their members possess collar-like structures (pennulae of Gill 1967) spaced along the trabeculae, tending to merge into more or less continuous flanges parallel to the septal distal margin, distributed on each face of the septa. The fungiids, having trabeculae with granulations set off from the trabecular axis towards interseptal space (vepreculae of Jell 1974), are closest to the faviids from which they probably derived.
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Regulation of astogeny in halysitid tabulates

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The question of whether branching and budding in halysitid tabulate corals was regulated by the availability of nutrients or exposure to waste products is important for taxonomy. Moreover, such regulation could have implications for paleoenvironmental interpretation. Although the statistical and morphological evidence presented here is not unequivocal, it is suggested as a working hypothesis that halysitid astogeny was indeed regulated. This would be in accordance with current theories on the growth of Recent corals and sponges. The simulation results are used to reevaluate functional advantages of the regulation of the halysitid colony.
Scleractinian skeleton is composed of mineral and organic phases. Using staining techniques (acridine orange dye) Johnston's (1980) pioneering observations of intraskeletal organic envelopes in Pocillopora damicornis coralla can be extended to two other coral reef genera i.e., Acropora and Favia. The concept of biologically mediated growth of coral skeleton stands in opposition to the purely mineralogic concept of fiber growth of Bryan and Hill (1941) widely applied until recently in geological and paleontological literature. Presence of active mineralizing organic components within the skeleton explains various patterns of microstructural organization more accurately than the mineralogic concept of 'crystal growth competition' of Barnes (1970) alone. Biochemical degradation of intraskeletal organic matrices is considered to be involved in the initial diagenesis of coral skeleton, and may explain selective silicification of the late Cretaceous Coelosmilia sp. from Poland.
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Adult stages of wall ontogeny of fossil and Recent scleractinians show that epitheca was the prevailing type of wall in Triassic and Jurassic corals. Since the Late Cretaceous the frequency of epithecal walls during adult stages has decreased. In the ontogeny of Recent epithecate corals, epitheca either persists from the protocorallite to the adult stage, or is replaced in post-initial stages by trabecular walls that are often accompanied by extra-calicular skeletal elements. The former condition means that the polyp initially lacks the edge zone, the latter condition means that the edge zone develops later in coral ontogeny. Five principal patterns in wall ontogeny of fossil and Recent Scleractinia are distinguished and provide the framework for discrimination of the four main stages (grades) of evolutionary development of the edge-zone. The trend of increasing the edge-zone and reduction of the epitheca is particularly well represented in the history of caryophylliine corals. We suggest that development of the edge-zone is an evolutionary response to changing environment, mainly to increasing bioerosion in the Mesozoic shallow-water environments. A glossary is given of microstructural and skeletal terms used in this paper.
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