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Until recently, assessment of sperm quality was based on subjective evaluation of parameters such as semen concentration, motility and morphological abnormalities. These methods are influenced by many factors: temperature, evaluator skills and experience, the number of evaluated spermatozoa, difference in sample preparation, etc. Consequently high variations were reported in the estimation of semen quality of the same ejaculate assessed by different observers. Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA), based on individual spermatozoon assessment, offer an accurate and rapid calculation of different semen parameters, such as total motility, progressive motility, linearity, several velocity parameters and morphology. The development and problems related to using CASA technology are raised in this review.
Four rams of Polish long-wool sheep were intensively used in course of one year in an experimental scheme: 10 periods of semen collection, 10 ejaculation daily for 10 consecutive days in each period. It was found that the concentration and number of spermatozoa decreased significantly in the last (10th) ejaculates compared to the first ones. Apart from these qualitative changes connected with intensive use of the animals, it was also noted that the season of semen collection affected semen quality. The highest concentration and number of spermatozoa was observed in the ejaculates collected during the period November-March, the lowest ejaculate volumes were recorded in spring, whereas percentage of spermatozoa with damaged acrosomes was noticeably higher in July and August. Increased frequency of ejaculation was connected with possibly lower share of epidydimis secretion in the ejaculate. This resulted in considerable decrease of the activity of plasmatic proteinase inhibitors in the last (10th) ejaculates. Studies showed that changes in the inhibitor activity in ram seminal plasma in the annual cycle were caused by variations in the intensity of secretion of these substances, as well as bonding of the inhibitors by proteinase liberated from damaged acrosomes. Intensive sexual exploatation of rams may lead to some disturbances in the system protecting seminal proteins against unspecific proteolysis.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAF addition on selected motility characteristics and plasmalemma integrity of boar spermatozoa following liquid storage in a boar semen extender, Kortowo-3 (K-3), supplemented with lipoprotein fractions extracted from hen egg yolk (LPFh) or lyophilized lipoprotein fractions extracted from ostrich egg yolk (LPFo), at 5°C and 16°C. Sperm motility was evaluated using a computer system (CASA). The determination of AspAT activity in sperm extracts as well as fluorescent analysis, with a fluorochrome, Hoechst 33258, were used to assess the plasmalemma integrity overlying the middle-piece and acrosomal regions of spermatozoa, respectively. It was confirmed that the addition of exogenous PAF to K-3 extender containing LPFh or LPFo had a beneficial effect on the sperm quality parameters during storage at 5°C or 16°C. This phenomenon was manifested by an increase in motility and survivability of spermatozoa. The use of LPFh or LPFo as a component of boar semen extender had a protective effect on the plasmalemma integrity overlying the middle-piece and acrosomal regions of PAF-treated spermatozoa.
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