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1

Breuer-Hering reflexes in ketamine-induced apneustic breathing in the rabbit

100%
Gromysz H., Karczewski W. A., Kukwa A., Jernajczyk U.
Acta Physiologica Polonica
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1990
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tom 41
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nr 7
Gromysz H., Karczewski W. A., Kukwa A., Jernajczyk U.: Breuer-Hering reflexes in ketamine-induced apneustic breathing in the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Pol. The effects of ketamine on the activities of the mylohyoid nerve (a branch of the Vth nerve) and of both phrenic nerves were investigated in rabbits anaesthetized with halothane, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. Intravenous administration of ketamine elicited a marked prolongation of the phrenic inspiratory discharge [without] not significantly affecting its amplitude) and a depression of the mylohyoid expiratory activity. An elimination of the volume-related input from the lungs (“no inflation manoeuvre” or deflation) elicited under these conditions typical apneustic pattern of breathing. The response to tracheal occlusion at peak-inspiration was “classical”. We conclude that ketamine inhibits the Vth nerve motor nucleus which is not only an important component of the central inspiratory-inhibitory neurones but also a “relay station” between the vagal and the central inspiratory “off-switch” mechanisms.
2
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Divergent effects of bicuculline and picrotoxin on ketamine-induced apneustic breathing

100%
Budzinska K.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2005
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tom 56
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nr 4
39-46
This study tested the potential role of inhibitory neurotransmission in the mechanism of apneustic respiration evoked by ketamine, an NMDA receptors antagonist. In the experiments performed in anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats, ketamine, in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, was administered before and after GABAA receptor blockade with picrotoxin or bicuculline; all agents were given intravenously. Ketamine elicited a transient, hourlong apneustic respiration consisting of an increase in inspiratory duration and a decrease in inspiratory neural amplitude. After prior administration of picrotoxin, but not bicuculline, the maximum apneustic-like prolongation of inspiration evoked by ketamine was considerably reduced. The results suggest that the GABA receptor subunits specifically sensitive to picrotoxin play a role in shaping the ketamine-induced apneustic breathing.
3
Content available remote

Perifocal and remote blood-brain barrier disruption in cortical photothrombotic ischemic lesion and its modulation by the choice of anesthesia

84%
Krysl D., Deykun K., Lambert L., Pokorny J., Mares J.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2012
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tom 63
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nr 2
4

Effects of ketamine, propofol, and ketofol on proinflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress in a rat model of endotoxemia - induced acute lung injury

84%
Gokcinar D., Ergin V., Cumaoglu A., Menevse A., Aricioglu A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2013
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tom 60
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nr 3
Intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of ketamine, propofol, and ketofol in a rat model of ALI. We induced ALI in rats via intravenous injection of LPS (15 mg kg-1). The animals were randomly separated into five groups: control, LPS only, LPS + ketamine (10 mg·kg-1·h-1), LPS + propofol (10 mg·kg-1·h-1), LPS + ketofol (5 mg·kg-1·h-1 ketamine + 5 mg·kg-1·h-1 propofol). LPS resulted in an increase in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mRNA expression related with inflammation, production of nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation. Ketamine prevented the increase in markers of oxidative stress and inflammation mediators, both in plasma and lung tissue. Propofol decreased the levels of cytokines in plasma and lung tissue, whereas it had no effect on the IL-1-beta level in lung tissue. Ketamine downregulated mediators of lung tissue inflammation and reduced the level of circulating cytokines and protected lung tissue against lipid peroxidation. Ketofol decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-1β in plasma, as well as expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and the nitrate/nitrite level in lung tissue. The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that ketamine may be effective in preventing ALI.
5
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Safe and effective anaesthesiological protocols in domestic pig

84%
Mikolajczyk A.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Animal Science
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2016
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tom 55[2]
Safe and effective anaesthesiological protocols in domestic pig.The aim of this study was to establish a neuroleptanalgesic protocol anda general anaesthetic protocol in domestic pigs. The study was approved by approved by the Local Ethical Commission of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (the permit no. 73/2015). Fifteen juvenile female crossbred gilts were used. The drugs used in intramuscularly injection were: atropine (0.035 mg/kg b.w.), ketamine (7.0 mg/kg b.w.), medetomidine (0.063 mg/kg b.w.). The main anaesthetic drug, propofol, was given intravenously for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. To achieve the adequate neuroleptanalgesia the animals required in intramuscular injection atropine, ketamine and medetomidine mixing in the same syringe. The average time from muscular injection to the point at which pigs remained laterally recumbent was 1.95 ± 0.72 min. The average time from muscular injection to the point at which pigs managed to stand in recovery was 75.80 ± 13.14 min. To achieve the general anaesthesia the pigs required atropine, ketamine, medetomidine and propofol. Premedication with mixture of atropine, ketamine and medetomidine was achieved rapidly after intramuscular injection. All pigs became recumbent within 1.20 ± 0.19 min without any signs of excitement. The average time from muscular injection to the point at which pigs remained laterally recumbent was 2.06 ± 0.67 min. The induction dose of propofol was 4.5 mg/kg b. w.. Anaesthesia was maintained with propofol 2.0 mg/kg b.w.. During the surgery no complications occurred intraoperatively concerning. Concluding the findings demonstrate that the proposed protocols permits to obtain a safe and effective neuroleptanalgesia and general anaesthesia in swine and can be useful in biomedical investigations. A short-lasting time for recumbency after intramuscularly injection of atropine, ketamine and medetomidine mixture injection can allow optimizing the workflow of clinical practice in a laboratory animal farm.
6
Content available remote

Short-term depression of inspiratory activity following tonic vagal stimulation

84%
Budzinska K., Ilasz R.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
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2006
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tom 57
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nr 4
55-61
This study tested the role of inhibitory neurotransmission in the glutaminergic control of short-term depression (STD) of the inspiratory activity initiated by sustained stimulation of the vagus nerve in anesthetized and vagotomized cats. STD, calculated from the integrated phrenic nerve signal, lasted longer when glutaminergic neurotransmission was inhibited by ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist. Application of picrotoxin, a GABAA receptor antagonist, reversed the effect of ketamine and shortened the STD duration below that present in the control condition. The results showed that alternation of the neural excitability by antagonists of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission modulates the STD of inspiratory activity, evoked by vagal stimulation. The STD depends on the state of neural excitability and is easier accomplished when the excitability is on the high side.
7
Content available remote

Orexin A reverses propofol and thiopental induced cytoskeletal rearrangement in rat neurons

84%
Turina D., Gerhardsson H., Bjornstrom K.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2014
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tom 65
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nr 4
8

Cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine-ketamine administration in the sheep

84%
Baniadam A., Afshar F. S., Balani M. R. B.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
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2007
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tom 51
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nr 1
The effects of acepromazine-ketamine on the heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood gases, arterial blood pH, and temperature were investigated in six healthy sheep. Ketamine (11 mg/kg i.v.) was given 15 min after administration of acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg i.m.) A catheter was placed in the carotid artery for arterial blood sampling and recording of mean arterial blood pressure. All parameters were evaluated before the administration of acepromazine and at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min following the injection of ketamine. The arterial blood pressure was recorded in 30 s after the injection of ketamine as well. The heart rate decreased significantly at minutes 15, 30, 45, and 60. The mean arterial blood pressure declined significantly at 30 s and 45 min. The mean respiratory rate decreased significantly at 45 and 60 min. PaO₂ decreased significantly at 5, 15, and 45 min, and PaCO₂ increased at 5 min. The pH values decreased significantly at 5, 15, and 30 min. The body temperature decreased significantly at all points in time. The data showed that the combination of acepromazine-ketamine caused an inhibition of the cardiovascular system. This combination is responsible for little distributed ventilation, decreased PaO₂, increased PaCO₂, decreased pH values, and a declined in body temperature in the anaesthesia period in sheep.
9

Effect of ketamine on acetylcholinesterase activity in mouse brain and muscle

84%
Lach H., Pierzchala-Koziec K., Krol T., Drabek A., Gren A., Szoturma-Rojek I.
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Zoologia
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2004
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tom 46
10

Cardiopulmonary, biochemical, and haematological changes after detomidine-midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia in calves

84%
Kilic N.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
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2008
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tom 52
|
nr 3
The aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of detomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination for umbilical surgery in calves. Fifteen calves subjected to umbilical surgery received detomidine (100 pg/kg b.w.), midazolam (0.5 mg/kg b.w.), and ketamine (10 mg/kg b.w.) intravenously (iv), as a mixture of the drugs. Rectal temperature, and heart, pulse, and respiratory rate were recorded before drug administration and at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min after anaesthesia. Haematological and biochemical parameters were detected before drug administration, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after drug injection and 24 h after anaesthesia. The combination of the compounds resulted in anaesthesia lasting about 45 min and a satisfactory immobilisation for umbilical surgery, although some hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis occurred. The body temperature of the calves decreased significantly (P<0.05) during the anaesthesia from 38.5°C to 37.9°C. Haemoglobin, PCV, and RBC decreased significantly (P<0.05) for a short time. The values for plasma glucose, creatinine, and ALT increased significantly (P<0.05). However, they returned to the baseline at 24 h. Muscle relaxation was good and no complications were encountered.
11

Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam using clinical and laboratory parameters in rabbits

67%
Karasu A., Altug N., Aslan L., Bakir B., Yuksek N.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2018
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tom 74
|
nr 10
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine (XK), xylazine-tiletaminezolazepam (XTZ) and tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) using hematological and biochemical parameters in rabbits. A total of 18 rabbits were divided into three equal treatment groups (n = 6). The rabbits in the XK, XTZ, and TZ groups were administered xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (50 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg) and TZ (15 mg/kg), and TZ (15 mg/kg), respectively, via the intramuscular route. Following the injection, their reflexes were tested every 5 minutes. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were determined before the injection (0 min) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after injecting the anesthetic combinations. Furthermore, hematological and biochemical (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urea) analyses were also performed before, during, and after anesthesia administration. The duration of anesthesia and loss of reflexes were significantly longer in the XTZ group than in the other groups. However, in the TZ group, reflexes were remained. Respiratory rate and body temperature decreased in all the groups. Moreover, heart rate reduced only in the XK and XTZ groups, and the hematological parameters of all groups were comparable. Serum AST and ALP levels increased in the XTZ group compared to that in the XK and TZ groups, respectively. However, these increases were within the reference limits. The post-anesthesia serum BUN and urea levels significantly increased in the XTZ group (p < 0.05) compared to that in the other groups. Thus, although the XTZ combination provided satisfactory anesthetic effect in rabbits, it may be nephrotoxic. Therefore, its use for anesthesia induction in invasive renal procedures and experimental nephrotoxicity studies is not advisable.
12

Effect of xylazine-ketamine on arterial blood pressure, arterial blood pH, blood gases, rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates in goats

67%
Afshar F. S., Baniadam A., Marashipour S. P.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
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2005
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tom 49
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nr 4
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