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On the basis of flexibility of the carbon skeleton of a juvenoid molecule, an analysis of its steric properties required to induce a biological effect in insects Dysdercus cittgulatus and Tenebrio molitor, is presented. Steric analyses of "branched" juvenoids and some derivatives of farnesoic acid differing in position of the double bonds, are also described.
Juvenile hormone (JH) is essential for multiple physiological processes: it controls larval development, metamorphosis and adult reproduction. In insect hemolymph more than 99 % of JH is bound to juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP), which protects JH from degradation by nonspecific hydrolases and serves as a carrier to supply the hormone to the target tissues. In Galleria mellonella hemolymph, JHBP is found in a complex with lipid-binding high molecular weight proteins (HMWP) and this interaction is enhanced in the presence of JH. In this report, we present studies on the interaction of JHBP with low molecular weight proteins (LMWP) in the hemolymph. Using ligand blotting we found that JHBP interacts with a protein of about 44 kDa. To identify the protein that preferentially binds JHBP, a LMWP fraction was applied to a Sepharose-bound JHBP and, after washing, the column was eluted with free JHBP acting as a specific competitor or with carbonic anhydrase as a negative control. The eluted proteins were separated by SDS/PAGE and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was identified as a component of the supramolecular complex of JHBP with hemolymph proteins.
Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor from the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, (Aea-TMOF) inhibits juvenile hormone (JH) - stimulated egg chorionation and patency in the follicular epithelium cells of Heliothis virescens. Aea-TMOF exhibits highest inhibitory effect on oocytes or follicular epithelium cells when it is administered together with JH I rather than with JH III. These results indicate that Aea-TMOF specifically inhibits JH I-dependent events during egg maturation in Heliothis virescens. Preliminary pharmacological analysis of the Aea-TMOF effect on patency suggests that the decapeptide hormone acts upstream of the protein kinase-dependent step during the JH activated cellular signaling pathway.
The hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) from Galleria mellonella contains two disulphide bridges/molecule and no free Cys residues. An alignment of primary structures of other Lepidopteran JHBPs indicates that Cys residues, equiva­lent to Cys10,17,151,195 in G. mellonella JHBP, may be involved in -S-S- bridge forma­tion.
Previously described methods of purification of hemolymph juvenile hormone- binding protein (hJHBP) from Lepidoptera were tedious and required multiple steps. These methods resulted in low protein yield (Kramer if al., 1976; Goodman et al., 1978; Peterson et al., 1982; Park et al., 1993; Ożyhar & Kochman, 1987). In this report a simple method of purification of hJHBP from Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae is described. Monoclonal antibodies against hJHBP were obtained and crosslinked to CNBr- -activated Sepharose 4B. The hemolymph of G. mellonella was centrifuged and then chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration column. Juvenile-hormone- -binding activity containing material from Sephadex G-200 column was subjected to purification on an immunoaffinity column. Bound protein was eluted from anti-hJHBP Sepharose 4B gel by lowering pH to 3.0 with 200 mM citric acid 200 mM Na2HP04 buffer. This method resulted in 320-fold purification of G. mellonella hJHBP with 56% yield.
Adult males of Schistocerca gregaria turn yellow when they become sexually mature. This is due to the deposition in the cuticle of a male-specific Yellow Protein (YP), of which the amino acid sequence is known. Yellowing only happens in crowd-reared (gregarious) males, and results from the deposition of a specific ‘Yellow Protein’. If individual males (solitarious) are isolated after the adult emergence, they become sexually mature but they do not turn yellow. On the basis of a partial YP-mRNA sequence, we established a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to study the developmental expression of YP in crowd-reared males, isolated-reared males and females. In crowd-reared adult males the transcription of YP gene started from day 5 on, and reached a maximum at day 12. The effects of juvenile hormone (JH), insulin (bovine), corazonin, ecdysone and 20 0H-ecdysone (20E) on the regulation of YP-mRNA synthesis were also investigated. JH made the cuticle turn yellow and, as shown by RT-PCR, YP-mRNA was induced. The effect of 100 μg JHIII was stronger than that of 10 μg. Insulin was only effective in inducing YP-mRNA synthesis at high dose (19 μg) and after more days (18 d). Corazonin and 20E made the cuticle turn black, but no YP-mRNA synthesis was observed. Ecdysone (10 and 100 μg) showed no effect on body coloration and YP-mRNA. Thus, JH was found to be the most potent inducer among the hormones tested.
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