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The aim of the studies was to determine the daily changes in the occurrence of fish in the littoral zone in two shallow lakes differing in temperature regime and water transparency. The fish in the littoral zone of Lake Licheński were most active at dawn and dusk, while the highest biomass was noted at midnight. The greatest abundance of fish was noted in Lake Dołgie Wielkie, in which the waters are characterized by substantial turbidity, at 06:00 and 15:00, while the lowest abundance was noted at night. The abundance of fish in Lake Dołgie Wielkie was correlated with water temperature (r = - 0.555). The species richness of the fish assemblage of the littoral zone in Lake Dołgie Wielkie was negatively correlated with the time of day (r = - 0.644). The highest species richness was noted at night from 00:00 to 03:00 and in the morning at 09:00.
Macrophytes typically form an important biotic component of shallow lakes. They considerably influence physico-chemical environment, trophic structure and nutrient cycling. Increasing lake trophy is manifested by significant changes in macrophyte cover, biomass and species composition with a very abundant vegetation and high species richness at meso-eutrophic stage of eutrophication. During the further eutrophication of lakes there is usually a decline of macrophytes accompanied by an increase of biomass of phytoplankton and loosely aggregated metaphytonic filamentous algae. Much of recent discussion on eutrophication of shallow lakes is directed at the relationship between submerged macrophytes and phytoplankton. In the light ofthe concept of alternative stable states, at low nutrient concentrations only the clear water state dominated by macrophytes will be stable, and at high nutrient concentrations - only the turbid state with phytoplankton domination. At a wide range of intermediate values of nutrient level the clear and turbid states may exist as alternatives (Fig. 1). Both states can be maintained by a number of buffering mechanisms which tend to preserve them against changing from one to another. In the clear water state macrophytes reduce phytoplankton biomass through shading, reduction of nutrient availability and releasing of suppressant substances. Slowing down of water movement in dense macrophyte beds results in increased sedimentation rate. Macrophytes also provide a refuge for pelagic zooplankton against planktivorous fish resulting in an increased zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton. In the turbid state, on the contrary, the growth of macrophytes is prevented primarily by a low light intensity resulting from a high phytoplankton biomass and resuspension of sediments unprotected by rooted plants. Shallow lakes may shift between the state of dominance by submerged macrophtytes and the dominance of phytoplankton. Data from a number of lakes show that the switch may be triggered by changes in nutrient loading above the critical level, disturbances from extreme meteorological conditions or various management practices. In many cases it is not quite clear what causes the changes and the multiple effect from both abiotic and biotic control factors are suggested. As submerged macrophytes are able to stabilize the clear water state, their re-establishment is essential for an effective restoration of eutrophic turbid shallow lakes. The recolonization rate of plants differs greatly among lakes. It can be hampered or delayed due to limited bank of propagules, sediment resuspension, heavy growth of filamentous algae or herbivore grazing. Thus, in order to accelerate macrophyte recovery, additional measures may be needed. They may involve planting new plants or protection of germinating ones against unfavorable demands.
The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of pikeperch aged 0 + (Lt <10 cm) to the ichthyofauna structure as an indicator of the reproductive success of this species in Lake Miejskie where biomanipulation was performed. The treatment was carried out in late summer 2006, and comprised stocking the lake with the predatory fish species pike, pikeperch, European catfish, and eel. Gillnet monitoring catches were performed in the lake three times before biomanipulation in 2006, and then three times throughout 2007 after it. Overall, 14 fish species were noted, including four species of predatory fish. After biomanipulation, the share of predatory fish in the ichthyofauna abundance structure increased from 3.2% to 8.9%. Before biomanipulation, pikeperch accounted for more than half of the share of predators, approximately 23% of which was 0 + pikeperch juveniles (TL10 cm). Because of the fourfold increase in the number of 0 + pikeperch individuals one year after biomanipulation, the overall share of pikeperch among predators had increased to over 91%.
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