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In the period 2007-2012 local governments in Poland conducted active investment policy, reaching even 15% share in total domestic investments. So high investment outlays caused fast growth of local government debt – from 25,9 bln PLN in 2007 to 67,8 bln PLN in 2012 i.e. 21% annual growth rate. Relative to local governments’ revenues debt grew from 19,7% to 38,2% in this period. The highest debt both in terms of debt to revenue ratio as well as per inhabitant is accumulated in the towns with county rights (large cities). It is 60% higher than in the rural boroughs which have the lowest debt level, including county debt. From the geographic perspective the differentiation of debt levels is high. The highest nominal and per inhabitant debt is in local governments from regions: Mazovia and Lower Silesia. However, the highest debt relative to revenues, which reflects the economic capacity, is in regions: Kuyavia and Pomerania, Lower Silesia and West Pomerania. The lowest debt level is in regions: Upper Silesia, Opole and Podlaskie. The least indebted towns with county rights are in Upper Silesia region – 9 of the best 10. Although the variation indicators for debt levels are high, they decreased over the last five years in all categories of local governments. The analysis of debt repayment capacity shows that several entities will encounter problems in this area, specifically rural counties. Simulations indicate that 13% of local governments would have to devote their total operating surplus increased by sale of property for over 10 years in order to repay their debt. Assuming that half of the surplus might go for continuation of investments then almost 40% of local governments (1062 entities) would need more than 10 years to repay their debts. The longest debt repayment period is in rural counties and towns with county rights. From geographical perspective the most difficult situation in terms of debt repayment is in regions: West Pomerania and Carpathian, and the best one is in Upper Silesia region.
Celem artykułu jest analiza rynku obligacji komunalnych w Polsce oraz ocena atrakcyjności emisji tych instrumentów dla jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Szczególny nacisk położono na prezentację kryteriów podziału obligacji oraz procesu emisji, zarówno publicznej jak i prywatnej, z uwzględnieniem problematyki ratingu kredytowego. Analiza ta przeprowadzona jest w związku z dyskusją nad atrakcyjnością rynku Catalyst i jego znaczeniem dla rozwoju rynku samorządowych papierów dłużnych w Polsce. Podstawowe metody badawcze wykorzystane w pracy to studia literatury problemu oraz analiza danych statystycznych. Podstawowymi źródłami danych statystycznych są publikacje Ministerstwa Finansów, Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych, Fitch Rating Polska SA.
Market of veterinary services belongs to one of markets functioning in Agri-business sector. Its organisation and structure of provided services have lirect influence on the level of animal production efficiency in agricultural loldings. Introduction of market economy system after 1989 forced the changes both in organisation of veterinary services market and in structure of offered services. Economic calculations in agricultural sector caused allocation of veterinary services from these of intervention nature to prophylactic ones. Agricultural loldings more often express their demand for contraceptive (sanitary) services, which help to limit the scale of dangerous diseases among animals. To satisfy the demands of services’ buyers, market of veterinary services extends its offers about nutrition advising and feed components trading. These activities result from combining sanitary and animal treatment services. Polish aspiration to membership of the European Union cause that market of veterinary services faces new tasks in the field of veterinary supervision to enforce the situation when norms regulating animal trade and production of food of animal origin are abided.
The article is an attempt at demonstrating the grounds for using controlling as a method of management in local self-government units. It poinys to a necessary improvement in he efficiency of these units operation and to relations between the generated results and planning and controlling processes, the use of which has been particularly emphasized in this method. It contains comments on changes required in the local self-government units.
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