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The seasonal decline in egg-volume on the basis of the individual changes in 35 known-age female Common Terns Sterna hirundo was studied with data available for 3-6 years. Interindividual differences were significant for both laying dates and egg-volume. Thus, to examine whether the decline was an effect of an assortment of females with the timing of breeding according to their individual egg-volume, the individual values of laying date were correlated with egg-volume. Correlation was not significant, suggesting that seasonal decline in egg-volume was not due to interindividual differences. Instead, egg- volume showed a gradual decrease with the progress of the season at intraindividual level i.e. the later an individual female laid in the season the smaller was the egg-volume. Moreover, the seasonal decline in egg-volume was not due to a simultaneous increase in egg-volume with an advancement of the timing of breeding with age, since the rate of seasonal decrease in egg- volume was similar for young and old birds. Individual average of laying date accounted for 22% of the individual average of fledgling production whereas egg-volume was not significantly correlated with fledging production. Thus, it is suggested that seasonal decline in egg-volume is a non-adaptive consequence of physiological effect of condition on both timing of breeding and egg-volume.
Geographic variation in egg measurements (egg breadth, length, volume and shape index), was studied in Lapwing, based of the published data from Europe and Asia. Egg size was found to vary significantly with geographic location. Mean egg breadth and volume decreased with longitude and increased with latitude, and this relationship explained 42% and 49%, respectively of their variation among study areas. Mean egg length, and to lesser extent egg shape index, showed an U-shaped relationship with longitude, accounting for 29% and 20%, respectively of their variation between localities. The resultant NW- SE dine in egg size was well pronounced in Europe, with largest eggs laid in Great Britain, N Spain and Norway and smallest in SE Europe. Lapwings breeding in Asia laid eggs consistently narrower and less voluminous than European breeders. In E Asia egg length was however almost as long as in NW Europe. The geographic pattern in egg size corresponds with gradient in oceanic characters of the climate. Precipitation and temperature were suggested as possible factors affecting — via the level of food resources available to laying females — geographic variation in Lapwing egg size. Clinal variation in female body size might be another contributing factor.
Egg dimensions in 551 complete clutches (2469 eggs) of the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica in the central part of Poland in 1979-1981 and 1994 were studied. Mean length ranged 19.4-19.7 mm, breadth 13.5-13.8 mm, and volume 1.8—1.9 cm³. The length was not significantly different among years, but both the breadth and volume were. These mean egg dimensions were similar to those reported in a few other European studies, suggesting low geographic variation. Clutch mean egg lengths were weakly correlated with egg breadths. In some breeding seasons or parts of seasons egg size was significantly negatively correlated with the date of laying, hatching success and fledging success. Directions of some of these correlations were opposite to what was expected. No significant correlation was found between egg dimensions and clutch size or female/male wing lengths.
Wild birds breeding in acidified areas may have difficulties obtaining sufficient calcium for their eggshells, and shortage of land snails is shown to be the cause. The study found experimental evidence that Ca deficiency may affect reproductive traits also in birds breeding in non-acidified but naturally base-poor habitats. Positive effects of calcium supplementation on the egg volume, shell thickness, start of laying and fledglings' parameters of Great Tits Parus major and Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hy- poleuca breeding in base-poor pine forests in Estonia were revealed. The adverse effects of calcium shortage seem to be more pronounced in the years with the most unfavourable breeding conditions. Authors suggest that in such years birds may respond to calcium shortage by postponing egg-laying. The cost of egg formation in base-poor areas might be much higher than has been estimated on the basis of the energy and protein content of eggs. This fact should be considered more seriously in life history models of wild birds.
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