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Studies to identify the koi herpes virus using the PCR are continuously developed and introduced into routine diagnostics. Well-selected ways of storing tissues that are later used for DNA extraction and for the amplification reaction are critical points in methods using molecular biology techniques. The objective of the studies was to determine the impact of the fixating properties of the two most frequently used organic compounds, ethanol 96% and 80%, and isopropanol, on the stability of the nucleic acid isolated and on the preservation of the koi herpes virus in selected tissues and organs of carps. The experimental fish were infected via a bath in a small 20 l aquarium, where 5 ml of a KHV reference strain suspension had been added to the water. The presence and stability of the total DNA isolated from tissues and organs (skin, brain, kidney, gills) was checked using PCR with TK primers designed by Bercovier, and a product of 409 bp was obtained. Primers amplifying a gene fragment of beta-actin, which is found in smooth muscles and non-muscle cells of fish, were used as isolation control in multiplex PCR. On the basis of the studies it was observed that just on the day the samples were taken from the internal organs of fish and a month later, when they were collected from the archived organs, a product of 409 bp and 259 bp was obtained in all the samples analysed. The best organic fixative of organs and tissues sampled for molecular tests to identify KHV is ethanol 96%, even after half a year of archiving. Ethanol 80% and isopropanol also ensure sufficient fixation for up to a month. The most stable virus DNA is isolated from fish skin and gills.
For the first time in Poland viral examination of rainbow trout by applying cells lines (BF-2 and EPC) and ELISA tests approved in European Community Countries have shown the presence of VHS and IPN viruses existing in the country. VHS virus was isolated at 11 farms and IPN virus at 31 farms situated in northern Poland. VHS virus was isolated both in sick fish as well as in carriers and IPN virus in carriers only. The presence of VHS and IPN viruses did not appear in trout from farms in southern Poland. The experimental infection of rainbow trout demonstrated the high virulence of one of the VHS isolates. It was found that ELISA tests for VHS and IPN are very useful in detecting viruses in tissue supernatants of fish with clinical symptoms but are not as useful in detecting viruses present in cases of low titters. The results of this investigation showed that it is necessary to intensify the monitoring of the VHSV and IPNV presence in carriers and especially in fish planned to be transferred from the north to south of Poland. This should be done by using fish cell lines and immunological methods recommended in EU countries e.g. ELISA tests. The mutual co-operation of fish breeders, veterinary officers, regional fish disease laboratories and the Fish Disease Laboratory of the National Veterinary Research Institute is imperative for the effective control of fish viral diseases.
Parvoviral infections of dogs are still a clinical problem throughout the world. This is despite the development of prevention, increased awareness among the owners and increasingly effective treatment protocols due to the extremely high virulence of the virus. Parvovirosis is a disease caused by a virus of the Parvoviridae family in various variants: CPV-2, CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c, all of which produce similar clinical signs, including acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis. It is one of the most important viral pathogens, with extremely high morbidity and mortality. This study is a compendium of current knowledge about parvoviral infections in dogs. It describes their aetiology, pathogenesis and factors predisposing to parvovirosis. Special emphasis is placed on the description of clinical signs and treatment of sick dogs. Various diagnostic methods that are necessary to make the final diagnosis of the disease are described. The recommendations of the WSAVA on prophylactic vaccination are also analyzed.
The IPN virus belongs to the Birnaviridae family, Aquabirnavirus genus. It is an enveloped, two-segment, double-stranded RNA virus. Segment A comprises two open reading frames. ORF 1 encodes VP5 protein, whereas ORF 2 encodes VP2, NS and VP3 proteins. Segment B comprises one open reading frame, which encodes VP1 protein. The VP2 gene is responsible for the virulence of the virus. The Aquabirnavirus genus is divided into two serogroups: A and B. There are 9 serotypes in serogroup A, including serotypes occurring in Europe. Serogroup B consists of one serotype. The virus grows in several cell lines and often occurs in dual infections, inhibiting the replication of other viruses. Diagnosis is based on the isolation of the virus in cell lines, serological methods and, above all, techniques of molecular biology.
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