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The contents of four isoflavones: daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A were analysed in breeding stocks of red clover with the purpose to find stocks with the highest and lowest levels of these compounds. The total content of the isoflavones in twenty nine stocks studied, varied within the range of 0.70 to 1.19% D.M.
Abiotic stress factors are among the major causes of lower crop yields. It is known, that in response to cold and/or osmotic stress, crops activate various defense mechanisms, including morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations. Secondary metabolism, especially phenolic compounds, seem to be an important factor of stress-induced metabolic re-engineering as their levels are alternated by abiotic stress in plants. Despite the fact, that the nature and function of phenolic compounds was already studied in various plant species, it is important to define tissue-specific changes induced by two most potent abiotic stressors – low temperature and decreased water potential. Moreover, in fields, the appearance of single stress is rather rare. Usually two or more factors are acting in parallel, which may potentially result in different effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze selected elements of secondary metabolism in roots of germinating soybean seeds under cold stress, osmotic stress and both stresses combined. In addition the effects of constant and persistent stress were compared to those induced by sudden and brief stress appearance, as well as after the post-stress recovery process. In the presented study standard methods for identification and quantification of phenolic acids and isoflavones were used and the antioxidant capacity of the radicle extracts was measured. The phenolic metabolism in plants was greatly intensified in response to cold and osmotic stress and remained at high level during the post-stress recovery. The amount and composition of both phenolic acids and identified isoflavones also changed in stress- and duration-dependent manner. This proves an important role of phenolic compounds in abiotic stress response of germinating soybean seeds and opens up new perspectives for further investigations.
Granulosa cells were isolated from large (≥8 mm) follicles and incubated for 24 h without or with LH (100 ng/mL), daidzein, genistein or equol in doses of 0.5, 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL each or combination (3:13:39) of these isoflavones at a dose 50 µg/ml. The concentration of oestradiol-17ß in incubation media was measured by RIA. All the isoflavones at used doses decreased significantly basal and LH-stimulated secretion of oestradiol-17ß by granulosa cells in a dose dependent manner. The combination of these isoflavones also inhibited significantly oestradiol-17ß secretion by the cells. These data suggested that decreased secretion of oestradiol-17ß caused by dietary isoflavones could be a reason of silent heat in cows.
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of a soybean protein concentrate (20%) on bone mass and plasma lipid profile of adult female rats as well as to test the effectiveness of a soybean isoflavonoid extract (0.5%) in preventing bone loss due to ovariectomy. Results showed that isoflavones separated from the soybean extract contain a higher amount of isoflavonoid glycosides (daidzin and genestin) than the aglycones (diadzein and genistein). Data obtained revealed that both plasma total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) of rats were not significantly changed due to the presence of the soybean protein concentrate (20%) in the diet. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in soy protein group. Lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced due to feeding soybean protein concentrate (20%) of the diet (approximately 30% reduction). Rats fed the soybean protein concentrate (20%) diet had significantly higher mean bone densities (10% increase) of right tibia as compared with control (protein-based diet, 20%). The ovariectomized rats fed a diet containing the isoflavonoid extract had significantly higher mean bone densities (15% increase) and bone calcium of right tibia than ovariectomized rats fed the control diet. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that soybean protein and isoflavones could have the potential to reduce the risks of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases in such women.
Influence of the harvest term of red clover on content of five isoflavones in leaves was examined in microfields experiment. It was found that the content of these compounds in leaves of red clover collected in flowering stage was the same as in clover collected in the budding stage, in the first cut. In the second cut the isoflavone content was determined by phase of plant development. The level of formononetin, biochanin A and pratensein in the second cut was higher than in the first cut, but the content of daidzein and genistein was lower. The cutting date of the first cut can influence on the isoflavone content at the second cut. Tetraploid varieties acumulated more isoflavones than diploid varieties.
In this work, the effect of solid-substrate fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis of soybean seeds on bioactive phenolic compounds was studied. Among the analysed sample extracts several phenolic compounds, hydroxybenzoics, hydroxycinnamics and fl avonoids, such as fl avonols, fl avanones, isofl avones were identifi ed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The results obtained indicate that fermentation process carried out in seeds inoculated with different microorganisms produced signifi cant changes in fl avonoids and phenolic acids contents. A signifi cant increase in the content of phenolic acids was observed in the samples fermented with the different microorganisms with respect to soybean without fermentation and fermented naturally. Fermentation process produced also important changes in fl avonoids compounds, with a signifi cant formation in isofl avone aglycone contents such as daidzein, glycitein and genistein as a consequence of glucosidase activity of microorganism in this process, showing signifi cant differences (p<0.05) with respect to control. Therefore, this process was shown to be a good way to increase the phenolic content of soybean, which could confer health-promoting effects.
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