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Magnetic treatment of irrigation water

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Natural water used for washing, out and irrigation presents an open nonstationary heterogeneous multicomponent system closely connected with the atmosphere. One should consider such water as a gas-liquid solution where there is a water-gas-solid inclusion equilibrium. When passing the solution through nonhomogeneous magnetic fields several irreversible hydrophysical and hydrochemical processes arise in it which significantly change the natural water properties. One of the most important effects observed in experiments is increasing the number of crystal particles of CaCO₃ which causes reducing the supersaturation of natural water with CaCO₃, shifting the carbonic acid equilibrium and increasing the CO₂ content in water. This water penetrates better through alkaline carbonate soils. The application of the magnetic treaters for leaching saline soil and irrigation treatment allows to diminish the water consumption, to decrease significantly the soil salinization, to enhance moisture supply of plants and to increase the crop yield. The method can positively influence on preservation of water resources of the planet.
The experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation water levels on yield and some quality parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. Var. Longifolia cv.) under greenhouse conditions. Irrigation water was applied through drip irrigation method with 7 days interval during the total growing season. Irrigation treatments consisted of six different water levels (I1: non-irrigation, I2: 25 %, I3: 50 %, I4: 75 %, I5: 100 % and I6: 125 % of cumulative evaporation measured from Class A pan). The amount of irrigation water ranged between 0 and 106.3 mm among the treatments. Evapotranspiration (ET) values varied from 69.1 to 158.5 mm for the treatments. The highest yield was obtained from the I5 followed by I4. A significant polynomial relation (R2=0.77) was obtained between the yield and irrigation water, and linear relation (R2=0.99) was obtained between the yield and ET. This indicated that when irrigation water increased, yield also increased to a certain point. However, when the amount of irrigation water exceeded the plant water requirement, lettuce yield decreased. Yield response factor (Ky) was determined as 1.97. Since Ky ˃ 1, lettuce was very sensitive to water deficiency. In addition, the highest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated in the I5 with 0.60 t ha.mm-1 and 0.96 t ha.mm-1 respectively. The best plant quality parameters which were plant weight (239.11 g), plant height (26.30 cm), plant diameter (44.82 cm), root weight (17.31 g), root length (9.02 cm), root diameter (10.04 cm) and leaf number (49) were also obtained in I5. As a result, it was suggested that I5 can be the most appropriate irrigation water level for lettuce with higher WUE, IWUE, yield and quality under greenhouse conditions.
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The paper presents some environmental impacts caused by two important factors of physical degradation of the soil, i.e., soil surface sealing/crusting phenomena and soil compaction. It can be concluded that despite numerous literature on the subject as well as the Authors' own data collected in model laboratory and field experiments, it is still difficult to judge to what extent the effects of those two processes are negative for both the soil environment and the plant growth.
A pot experiment was carried out under controlled conditions to evaluate the combined effect of chemical oxygen demand and heavy metals in synthetic irrigation water on the accumulation of heavy metals in perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) grown during 30 days on two soils: an acidic sandy soil (pH = 4.0), and the same soil amended with 5% clay (pH = 6.7). The dry matter yield of rye grass decreased and heavy metal concentrations in plant tissue increased with heavy metal concentration in the irrigation water. A higher COD concentration in the irrigation water also resulted in an overall decrease of dry matter yield and higher metal contents. The addition of 5% clay to the acidic soil reduced these effects. However, the clay content of the soil was by far the most important factor in controlling plant growth and metal uptake.
Landscape plantations are significantly water demanding in many parts of the world, particularly in dry regions. Adequate water supply is the main limiting factor behind landscape development, maintenance and beauty in such environments. On the other hand, monitoring the growth response of ornamental and landscape plants to irrigation water containing heavy metals can be useful in management and application of municipal wastewaters to these plantations instead of application in edible vegetable crops production, which is common in many urban areas. In the present study, one year old seedlings of Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) were irrigated for two years with water containing 0, 15 or 30 mg L–1 of lead (Pb) in absence or presence of cadmium (0 or 5 mg L–1) in a factorial design, and under greenhouse conditions. Heavy metal treatments had no significant effect on leaf SPAD value; however, plants treated with Pb15Cd0 combination had significantly higher SPAD value than Pb30Cd5 combination that showed the lowest leaf SPAD value. Increasing the lead and cadmium levels of irrigation water increased the number of chlorotic and necrotic leaves of plant than control, whereas it reduced the average leaf area and new shoot growth. The control plants or plants treated with lower level of heavy metals showed the highest leaf area and new shoot growth. Leaf photosynthesis rate was significantly reduced in all heavy metal treated plants than control plants, as the lowest amount was in Pb30Cd5 combination treatment. All heavy metal treatments showed higher leaf soluble carbohydrates and proline content than in control plants. Leaf soluble carbohydrates were highest in Pb30Cd0 and Pb30Cd5 treatments, and leaf proline was highest in Pb30Cd5 and Pb15Cd5 treatments. The results indicate that Judas tree is a relatively tolerant species to high concentrations of Pb and Cd in root medium added through the irrigation water, and long term dual application of these heavy metals can have additive harmful effects on plant growth.
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