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This paper presents the process and results of the implementation of the irrigation system on meadows in Tanzania. The irrigation system was im- plemented in 2010 and 2012 as an element of two development projects co-financed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland un- der the Polish Development Programme. During the first phase ( 2010) the earth water reservoir and the canal carrying water on a meadow were built and the irrigation system based on Amirite sprinklers was installed . In 2012, the concrete water tanks were built , and two hose reel irrigators were bought and put in action . The i mplementation of the irrigation system allowed for a significant increase in the production of hay. In the analyzed time period (from 2008 to 2012) the increase in yields of hay from 34.7 tons to 237.3 tons was noticed. The resulting implementation of the irrigation project increase hay production should be considered valuable, especially under the conditions of advancing climate change and its potential impact on the reduction of agricultural production in Tanzania.
In this research which was carried out inSuleymanDemirel University Research and Application Farm during 2007 and 2008 years, apple leaf area index (LAI) and leaf water potential (LWP) were observed in Jersey Mac (V1) and Williams Pride (V2) young apple varieties budded on M9 rootstock irrigated with different irrigation methods. Drip (D), subsurface drip (SD), surface (S) and undertree micro sprinkler (M) irrigation methods were used in the research. The amount of applied irrigation water was as much as 100% of Class A Pan evaporation measured during five days irrigation intervals. The amount of irrigation water was ranged between 348.3 (D, SD) – 1186 (S, M) mm depending on irrigation methods during the experimental years. Furthermore, maximum and minimum crop evapotranspiration values were determined as 426.1 (DV2) and 1334.7 (MV2) mm respectively. LAI values related to treatments ranged from 0.32 to 0.52 in 2007, 0.73 to 1.12 in 2008. LAI values increased by approximately 126.3% for all treatments. In both years, generally, the highest LAI values were observed in drip irrigation (D) for both varieties. Linear correlation (r=0.99, n=16) was obtained between fruit yields and leaf area index (LAI) values of the apple trees. Leaf water potential (LWP) measurements were repeated one day before and after irrigation during the irrigation period. The measurements were also conducted once along a day in the middle of the season. Changes in value of LWP were similar among the treatments.
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether water deficit affects cold hardiness of rhododendron ‘Catawbiense Boursault’, ‘Lee’s Dark Purple’, ‘Prinz Karneval’ and ‘Old Port’ shrubs. Plants were grown in unheated greenhouse and for 14 weeks from June to mid-September were subjected to six irrigation treatments. In the end of September shrubs were left in an unheated greenhouse or planted into the ground and at the beginning of each month from December to March freezing tolerance tests were performed. The results showed that in all rhododendron cultivars the highest cold hardiness was noted in January and February, lower in March but the lowest in December. Application of four-week water deficit period during summer especially between the first and the second vegetative growth may improve the frost resistance of Rhododendron shrubs.
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Naklady na nawadnianie plantacji ziemniakow

72%
Irrigation systems pipe networks are often branched and possible approach to increase their hydraulic capacity (while keeping capital investment at minimum) is to convert branched systems to looped. However, optimal design of looped hydraulic pipe networks belongs to the class of large combinatorial optimisation problems, which are difficult to handle using conventional operations research techniques. In this study a classical optimisation methodology was applied, linear programming (LP), and the genetic algorithm (GA) to network rehabilitation. The LP method was first used for changing some diameters on the existing pipe network so it could satisfy the increased demand conditions with an unchanged topology (network remains branched). Such a solution was compared with a solution obtained using the GA, with a good agreement of results. When the GA was used to design the looped version of the network rehabilitation, the full advantage of this approach was achieved. Economical comparison of branched and looped options shows that the looped option is for studied irrigation system about 17 % cheaper.
Praca zawiera wyniki badań równomierności nawadniania kroplowego emiterami CNL-2 w czwartym roku eksploatacji systemu w warunkach szklarniowych. W czterech cyklach nawadniania realizowanych w różnych dniach i godzinach (cyklach), pomierzono dawki emitowane z 228 emiterów usytuowanych w trzech sekcjach systemu na 27 przewodach nawadniających. Testem t-Studenta oszacowano istotność różnic dawek między sekcjami, cyklami nawadniania, pozycjami przewodów nawadniających w stosunku do zaworu odcinającego dopływ do sekcji oraz między pozycjami emiterów na przewodzie nawadniającym. Obliczono współczynniki zmienności i równomierności dawek w sekcjach i cyklach nawadniania. Wyniki badań dowiodły nie w pełni zadawalającego działania systemu. Stwierdzono istotne różnice średnich dawek między sekcjami oraz między pozycjami emiterów na przewodzie nawadniającym, a nawet między cyklami nawadniania. Natomiast nie było różnic między pozycjami przewodu nawadniającego w sekcji w stosunku do zaworu odcinającego dopływ do rurociągu rozdzielczego.
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