Przeprowadzono analizę danych piśmiennictwa krajowego z okresu ostatniego pięćdziesięciolecia na temat stężenia hemoglobiny we krwi oraz częstości występowania niedokrwistości z niedoboru żelaza w różnych grupach ludności polskiej. W oparciu o te dane oraz wyniki badań własnych wykazano, że populacjami najbardziej narażonymi na niedobór żelaza są kobiety w wieku rozrodczym i dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym. Nie obserwuje się istotnej poprawy w tym zakresie na przestrzeni lat 1937—1987. Stan ten wymaga prowadzenia profilaktyki, przy czym autorzy sugerują wzbogacanie wybranych produktów spożywczych w żelazo. Jest to zarówno skuteczny jak i bezpieczny sposób poprawy zasobów żelaza w organizmie.
Omówiono problem szerokiego rozpowszechnienia niedoborów żelaza u kobiet w Szwecji i innych krajach skandynawskich. Dokonano analizy struktury żywienia w tych krajach w porównaniu z innymi krajami Europy a także znaczenia wzbogacania żywności żelazem dla zapobiegania jego niedoborom. Rozważono możliwość poprawy bilansu żelaza u kobiet w krajach nordyckich uwzględniając poprawę biodostępności żelaza oraz zwiększenia aktywności fizycznej, a co za tym idzie spożycia energii i żelaza. Omówiono również możliwość zwiększenia gęstości żelaza w żywności jak również zmiany związku żelaza stosowanego we wzbogacaniu na lepiej wchłanialne.
Autor jest uznanym w świecie ekspertem w dziedzinie metabolizmu żelaza w organizmie człowieka. W artykule wykorzystując szeroko wyniki własnych prac badawczych przedstawił pogląd na przyczyny częstego występowania niedoborów tego pierwiastka w populacjach krajów uprzemysłowionych, a ponadto zaproponował metody profilaktyki. Pierwsza część artykułu dotyczy aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat zapotrzebowania człowieka na żelazo w zależności od wieku, płci i stanów fizjologicznych (tabela 1). Następnie omówiono czynniki pokarmowe nasilające i hamujące wchłanianie żelaza. Do tych pierwszych należą kwas askorbinowy, mięso, ryby, produkty żywnościowe pochodzenia morskiego; natomiast do tych drugich fityniany, taniny, wapń. Z kolei przedstawiony został problem przyswajalności żelaza z różnych posiłków. Z badań autora i wsp. wynikają kilkakrotne różnice w przyswajalności tego pierwiastka, zależnie od równowagi pomiędzy czynnikami wpływającymi dodatnio i ujemnie na ten proces. W dalszej części artykułu autor koncentruje się na częstości występowania niedoborów żelaza w niektórych krajach europejskich (tabela 3) i przyczynach jej zróżnicowania. Biorąc pod uwagę dwie możliwości tego faktu odrzuca pierwszą, tj. różnice w zapotrzebowaniu, natomiast uznaje drugą, tj. różnice w spożyciu produktów, które bądź są źródłem żelaza bądź zawierają składniki wpływające na jego wchłanianie (tabela 4). Wreszcie w końcowej części pracy został przedstawiony pogląd autora na sposoby poprawy sytuacji w zakresie stanu odżywienia żelazem (tabela 6). Jednym z nich jest poprawienie wykorzystania przez organizm dostępnego żelaza pokarmowego. Tutaj w grę wchodzi zwiększenie spożycia produktów żywnościowych nasilających wchłanianie żelaza (warzywa, owoce, mięso, ryby). Drugim sposobem jest wzrost spożycia wchłanialnego żelaza. Wśród dostępnych możliwości autor dyskutuje zwiększenie wysiłku fizycznego, co pozwoli spożywać więcej żywności, poprawę posiłków (zwiększenie „gęstości odżywczej” w odniesieniu do żelaza, m.in. poprzez ograniczenie tłuszczu i cukru), zwiększenie poziomu dodawania żelaza do żywności, stosowanie lepszych związków żelaza do fortyfikacji żywności.
Platelet production increases in anemic people. In particular, iron deficiency causes reactive thrombocytosis in such patients. Although anemia and iron deficiency are frequently seen in dogs, there are no published studies on this subject. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anemia, iron deficiency, and platelet production in dogs. A total of 81 dogs brought to the university animal hospital with signs of anemia were used. Haemogram parameters, serum iron (Fe), erythropoietin (EPO), and thrombopoietin (TPO) levels, as well as total iron binding capacity (TIBC), were measured. Transferrin saturation (TSAT) ratios were calculated. The animals were categorized as anemic or non-anemic, mildly anemic or moderately/ severely anemic, and having iron deficiency or no iron deficiency according to haemogram parameters and the serum Fe level. A high platelet number was observed in dogs with mild anemia. Dogs with mild anemia also had higher serum EPO levels than dogs with moderate/severe anemia (P = 0.047). Iron deficiency was detected in 31 dogs. The platelet number was higher in dogs with iron deficiency (P = 0.004). It was also observed that dogs with iron deficiency had higher serum EPO levels (P = 0.027) and lower TPO levels (P = 0.025) than dogs without iron deficiency. In conclusion, it can be said that mild anemia and iron deficiency cause thrombocytosis in dogs. The increased serum EPO levels, both in dogs with mild anemia and those with iron deficiency, suggest that the increase in platelet production is due to EPO. Nevertheless, there is a need for further research to fully understand the underlying mechanism.
Being a component of many proteins and enzymes, iron is an essential microelement for humans. However, this element can also be toxic when present in excess because of its ability to generate reactive oxygen species. This dual nature imposes a strict regulation mechanism of the iron concentration in the body. In humans, systemic iron homeostasis is mainly regulated on the level of intestinal absorption. A patient diagnosed with excess iron in the body should be treated safely and effectively. And the therapy should be consistent with the treatment of concurrent diseases. On the other hand, iron deficiency is one of the most common disorders affecting humans. Iron-deficiency anaemia continues to represent a major public health problem worldwide, being prevalent among pregnant women, where it represents an important risk factor for maternal and infant health. A problem detecetd relatively recently and therefore not fully clarified yet is the iron therapy in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). RLS is a common neurological condition defined clinically as the urge to move the legs. Reduced brain iron is strongly associated with restless legs syndrome. RLS can also be a consequence of iron deficiency in the body. This review will focus on iron as an element whose abnormal metabolism or deficiency in the body can lead to diseases e.g. anaemia, restless legs syndrome and iron overload. Here we will describe methods of therapy, paying particular attention to the types and dosages of medications.
Iron deficiency is a major nutritional disorder in crops. Inorganic Fe-compounds and synthetic Fe-chelates are commonly used to control chlorosis but their use arise environmental concerns. We recently developed a new iron fertilizer using a β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge complex (Fe-NS). In this study, a pilot trial was performed on hydroponically cultivated horticultural plants in order to evaluate the effect of Fe-NS. Sweet corn and tomato were used as model plants analyzing chlorophyll, dry matter and Fe content. Fe-NS effect was compared to FeSO4 and Fe-DTPA. Fe-NS had a positive effect on re-greening and growth in sweet corn and tomato plants.
Anemia constitutes a public health problem, in both developed and developing countries with major burden on economic and social develop ment. Present study was designed to examine the prevalence of anemia among girl students of Abhilashi College, Distt Mandi Himachal Pradesh. Hemoglobin (Hb) level of 87 girls students was determined . Prevalence of anemia was detected to have been quite high at 55%. Self-awareness of the condition among those anemic was dismally low at 10%. Health education constitutes an important approach to increase awareness about anemia in terms of exposures, risk factors, essential nutrition ingredients an d the importance of iron supplementations. Thus, the present study has tried to focus on those issues which are responsible for determining the level of anemia among wo men aged 20 to 40 years and has also tried to provide scientific exp lanations of iron deficiency anemia.
Several studies have used A. thaliana as a model to identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying iron deficiency tolerance in plants. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea were used to investigate the differential responses to iron deficiency of these two species. Plants were cultivated in hydroponic medium containing 5 or 0 μM Fe, for 10 days. Results showed that rosette biomass was more reduced in T. salsuginea than in A. thaliana when grown on Fe-deficient medium. As a marker for iron deficiency tolerance, the induction of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities was observed only in A. thaliana roots. In addition, we found that the accumulation of phenolic acids in roots of N1438 ecotype of A. thaliana was stimulated by Fe deficiency. Furthermore, an increase of flavonoids content in the root and exudates was observed under Fe-deficiency in this ecotype. Unlike other abiotic stresses, it appears that iron deficiency effects were more pronounced in Thellungiella than in Arabidopsis. The higher tolerance of the Arabidopsis plant to iron deficiency may be due to the metabolic changes occurring in the roots.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of the reticulocyte indices in the diagnosis of anaemia in piglets. The piglets in group I (n=16) were treated with iron dextran (200 mg of Fe, i.m.) at the age of 16 d. In group II (n=16), piglets at the age of 3 d received 100 mg of Fe and then at the age of 22 d - 200 mg of Fe. The piglets in group III (n=16) received 200 mg of Fe at the age of 3 d. From the 7 d of age, all the piglets had access to creep feed. In group I, there was a decrease in red blood cell indices and the piglets developed anaemia. These piglets had a lower growth intensity compared to piglets of groups II and III. In comparison with Hb, PCV, and RBC, the reticulocyte indices (haemoglobin concentration in reticulocyte and index RET-Y) reflexed more rapidly impaired erythropoiesis and in the case of mild iron deficiency (group II) they reacted more effectively to iron treatment.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral application of iron polymaltose complex (IPC) in the prevention of iron deficiency in piglets. The piglets in group I (n = 15) were treated with iron dextran (200 mg of Fe³⁺, i.m.) at the age of 3 d. In group II (n = 19), the piglets were given 100 mg of Fe³⁺ as IPC orally at the age of 3 and 11 d. The piglets in group III (n = 19) received oral application of 100 mg of Fe²⁺ ferrous fumarate at the age of 3 and 11 d. The piglets in group IV (n = 12) served as an iron deficient control group. The haemoglobin concentration and iron concentration in blood plasma in IPC treated group were comparable to the ferrous fumarate group. It is concluded that the IPC showed a comparable efficacy of IPC in the anaemia prevention as ferrous fumarate.
Iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMPs) of P. multocida serotype A3, which function as receptors for complexes containing iron ions, are induced by iron deficiency in the bacterial growth environment. Analysis of an electrophoresis image of proteins isolated from bacteria grown on medium supplemented with 2,2'-dipyridyl revealed expression of 16 new proteins that were not noted in the case of the bacteria grown in standard conditions, with molecular weights from 30 to 160 kDa. Induction of IROMP expression occurred within 30 minutes after restricted iron conditions were established. In immunoblotting, distinct reactions were noted for proteins of molecular weight ranges of 25-49 kDa, 61-95 kDa, and 108-214 kDa. Proteins of the molecular weight of 68, 75 and 86 kDa were analysed using mass spectrometry and matched with the highest probability to proteins in the NCBI data base. Several dozen different proteins with similar amino acid sequences were matched to each sample.