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One month old male Wistar rats were infected with 4,000 T. spiralis muscle larvae and exposed to intraperitoneal challenge with a lyophilized cell wall extract of Propionibacterium granulosum. The animals were arranged in groups which included naive controls, single and concurrent treatment. The latter comprised several groups differing only in the interval between infection with T. spiralis and administration of the bacterial extract. The intensity of infection was assessed during the intestinal (5 DAI, 10 DAI) and muscle (42 DAI) phases of infection, fecundity indices were calculated and changes in the relative concentration of peripheral blood leucocytes, erythrocytes and haemoglobin levels were monitored. No changes in erythrocyte concentration were detected in groups treated with the immunomodulator and infected with T. spiralis, but increased leucocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels depended on the time of treatment in relation to infection and day on which the parameters were monitored. All rats treated with the bacterial extract had lower adult worm counts but harboured worms with enhanced fecundity relative to the control group. The intensity of the muscle phase was lower only in those groups treated with the bacterial extract after nematode infection.
Leptin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were proved to act in concert to control the activity of feeding centres. Since leptin receptor was identified in the gut endocrine L cells and neurons producing GLP-1, we have checked whether GLP-1 mediates the effects of leptin on feeding and drinking behaviour. To this aim, an intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular injection of exendin (9 - 39), a GLP-1 antagonist, (50 or 10 µg per rat, respectively) followed by leptin (100 or 5 µg per rat, respectively) was made and 24-hour food intake and body weight changes were measured. Previous injection of exendin (9 - 39) completely abolished the suppressory effect of peripheral leptin on food intake and body weight gain. Moreover, exendin (9 - 39) significantly attenuated the effect of intracerebroventricular leptin on food but not water consumption. It is concluded that intact GLP-1 signalling is necessary to mediate the effect of leptin on food intake in the rat. Conversely, leptin seems to affect the thirst center function independently of GLP-1. Also, these findings produce further evidence for close interactions between long- and short-term factors regulating the activity of feeding centres.
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