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Myonecrosis after intramuscular injections is not common, but may be life-threatening. This case report describes myonecrosis following an accidental intramuscular injection of menbutone. A three-year-old bay French Trotter stallion with a history of weak appetite and colic lasting ten days was treated by a field veterinarian. During the course of treatment, he was given paraffin oil and antihelminthics orally, antispasmodics, analgesics, steroids and antibiotics intravenously, as well as choleretics intramuscularly. The horse was apathetic and weak with a “tucked up” abdomen and had grade 2 ataxia, according to Mayhew’s grading system. The patient had a swollen neck on both sides and a swelling of the right front limb and the carpal area of the left front limb. The neck edema was painful and warm. The neck area was prepared and punctured; a malodorous fluid was obtained for cytology. In the material obtained, there were anaerobic rod bacteria diagnosed as Clostridium spp. Surgical fenestration and debridement were performed. The wounds were cleaned every day. The horse was given antibiotics, nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs, fluids and gastroprotectives. After five weeks of intensive care, the condition of the horse stabilized, and significant improvement was observed. Myonecrosis may be a rare life-threatening complication following intramuscular injections or wound contamination. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first published report of myonecrosis after menbutone injections in the horse.
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its main metabolites after IV and IM injections. The pharmacokinetic cross-over study was carried out on 6 healthy male beagle dogs. Tramadol was administered by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) injection at 4 mg/kg. Tramadol and its main metabolites O-desmethyl-tramadol (M1), N-,N-didesmethyl-tramadol (M2) and N-,O-didesmethyl-tramadol (M5) concentrations were measured in plasma samples by a HPLC coupled with fluorimetric detection; pharmacokinetic evaluations were carried out with a compartmental and non-compartmental model for tramadol and its metabolites, respectively. The bioavailability of the drug, ranging between 84-102% (mean 92%), was within the generally accepted values for a positive bioequivalence decision of (80-125%). After the IM injection the mean plasma drug concentration peak was reached after a Tmax of 0.34 h with a Cmax of 2.52 μg/mL. No therapeutic relevant differences were observed between IM and IV administration. The minimal effective plasma concentration was reached after a few minutes and maintained for about 6-7 h in both administrations. M1 plasma concentration was low and the amounts of the other metabolites produced were analogous in both routes of administration. In conclusion, tramadol was rapidly and almost completely absorbed after IM administration and its systemic availability was equivalent to the IV injection. The different onset time and duration of action observed were very small and probably therapeutically irrelevant. The IM injection is a useful alternative to IV injection in the dog.
Badania przeprowadzono na 5 krowach, które otrzymały 6 domięśniowych iniekcji 200 j.m. ACTH w odstępach 6 godzin. W okresie podawania ACTH stwierdzono wzrost koncentracji kortyzolu we krwi z 13.52 ± 2.48 nmol/l do 169.74 ±14.94 nmol/l. Wykazano, że pobudzenie kory nadnerczy może być przyczyną zmniejszenia wydajności mlecznej, wzrostu liczby komórek w mleku oraz zmian w składzie mleka.
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