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Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and other growth factors overexpression was reported in acute pancreatitis. Previous studies have shown the protective effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) in the course of experimental acute pancreatitis. The aim of our studies was to determine the effect of IGF-1 administration on the development of caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Methods: Acute pancreatitis was induced by infusion of caerulein (10 µg/kg/h) for 5 h. IGF-1 was administrated twice at the doses: 2, 10, 50, or 100 µg/kg s.c. Results: Administration of IGF-1 without induction of pancreatitis increased plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10). Infusion of caerulein led to development of acute edematous pancreatitis. Histological examination showed pancreatic edema, leukocyte infiltration and vacuolization of acinar cells. Also, acute pancreatitis led to an increase in plasma lipase and interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) level, whereas pancreatic DNA synthesis and pancreatic blood flow were decreased. Treatment with IGF-1, during induction of pancreatitis, increased plasma IL-10 and attenuated the pancreatic damage, what was manifested by histological improvement of pancreatic integrity, the partial reversion of the drop in pancreatic DNA synthesis and pancreatic blood flow, and the reduction in pancreatitis-evoked increase in plasma amylase, lipase and IL-1ß level. Protective effect of IGF-1 administration was dose-dependent. Similar strong protective effect was observed after IGF-1 at the dose 2 x 50 and 2 x 100 µg/kg. Conclusions: (1) Administration of IGF-1 attenuates pancreatic damage in caerulein-induced pancreatitis; (2) This effect is related, at least in part, to the increase in IL-10 production, the reduction in liberation of IL-1ß and the improvement of pancreatic blood flow.
Highly efficient systems remove the toxic and proinflammatory haemoglobin from the circulation and local sites of tissue damage. Macrophages are major haemoglobin-clearing cells; CD163 was recently recognized as the specific haemoglobin scavenger receptor (HbSR). It is tightly involved in both physiological as well as pathophysiological processes, such as cytoprotection and inflammation. Haemoglobin functions as a double-edged sword. In moderate quantities and bound to haptoglobin, it forms a ligand for haemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163/HbSR, but when unleashed in large amounts, it can become toxic by mediating oxidative stress and inflammation. CD163/HbSR plays a crucial role in the control of inflammatory processes, probably in part through its effects on both ferritin induction and subsequent induction of antiinflammatory pathways through interleukin-10 and haem oxygenase. Besides the observation that the haemoglobin scavenger receptor provides a promising target for new treatment possibilities, it offers a novel view on the aetiology of diverse physiological as well as pathophysiological processes. In addition, monocyte CD163/HbSR and soluble CD163/HbSR are potential diagnostic tools in a variety of disease states, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and carcinoma.
WC1+ cells in cattle exhibit both regulatory and effector activities. However, it has not been elucidated whether they are so plastic that both activities co-exist in one cell or there are separate subpopulations of effector and regulatory cells. Since the production of IFN-γ and IL-10 seems to be related to WC1+ cells’ effector and regulatory function, respectively, the main aim of this study was to determine whether those cytokines are produced by separate subpopulations of WC1+, or are co-produced by the same cells. Due to increasingly frequent emphasised role of consumption of IL-2 in the mechanism of suppressor action of mouse CD25+CD4+ T regulatory cells, expression of the receptor’s α chain for interleukin 2 (CD25) on WC1+ lymphocytes has been evaluated. An average of 5.21% of WC1+ cells obtained from PBMCs of 12-month-old heifers show constitutive expression of the CD25 molecule, with CD25highWC1+ and CD25lowWC1+ cells accounting for 1.05% and 4.10% of WC1+ lymphocytes, respectively. For detection of intracellular cytokine production, PBMCs were stimulated with concanavalin A. Both IFN-γ- and IL-10-producing cells within the CD25-WC1+ and CD25+WC1+ subpopulations were mainly separate subpopulations. The average percentage of IFN-γ+IL-10-, IFN-γ-IL-10+ and IFN-γ+IL-10+ cells among CD25-WC1+ lymphocytes was 4.03%, 2.67% and 0.51%, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the presence of the CD25 molecule on WC1+ lymphocytes and production of IL-10 and TGF-β, because the average percentage of IFN-γ-IL-10+ and IFN-γ+IL-10+ among CD25+WC1+ lymphocytes was 3 and 4.5 times higher as compared to the corresponding cells in the CD25-WC1+ subpopulation, whereas the percentage of IFN-γ+IL-10- cells in both the subpopulations was not significantly different. The percentage of TGF-β+ cells within the CD25+WC1+ subpopulation was 2.72 times as high as that of CD25-WC1+ lymphocytes. Therefore, with respect to the production of IFN-γ, IL-10 and TGF-β, CD25+WC1+ lymphocytes turn out to have a more suppressor profile than CD25-WC1+.
Acute pancreatitis is accompanied by the enhanced expression of EGF in the pancreas and the administration of EGF was found to exhibit the beneficial effect on edematous cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Therefore, we decided to determine the influence of EGF on necro-hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by restricting the pancreatic blood flow (PBF) in the inferior splenic artery for 30 min using microvascular clips. EGF was administered three times daily (10µg/kg per dose s.c.) starting immediately after the clips removal. Rats were sacrificed on day 1, 3, 5, 10 and 21 following ischemia. PBF was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter. Morphological signs of pancreatitis, as well as the levels of plasma amylase, lipase, interleukin-1ß and interleukin-10 concentration and pancreatic cell proliferation were examined. Results: Ischemia with reperfusion caused acute necro-hemorrhagic pancreatitis with a histological and biochemical manifestation of pancreatic damage, followed by a spontaneous regeneration. The administration of EGF caused the reduction in the histological signs of pancreatic damage, such as necrosis, edema and leukocyte infiltration, and accelerated the pancreatic repair. Also, EGF treatment significantly attenuated the reduction in pancreatic blood flow and DNA synthesis. The activity of plasma amylase and lipase, as well as plasma interleukin-1ß and interleukin-10 concentrations were decreased in EGF treated animals. Conclusions: EGF exerts beneficial influence on the course of I/R induced pancreatitis and this effect seems to be related to the reduction in the activation of pro-inflammatory interleukin cascade, the improvement of PBF, and the increase in pancreatic cell growth.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine with an antitumor activity. The effect of IL-10 on tumor growth was tested in murine melanoma cells manipulated by gene transfer to secrete IL-10. In mice bearing B16(F10) tumors expressing IL-10 tumor growth was decreased depending on the amount of secreted IL-10.
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