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Background: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a six-week plyometric high and low-intensity training on the explosive power of lower limbs in volleyball players. Material/Methods: The research was conducted on a sample of 30 volunteers of the Sports Club at Gdansk University of Technology in Gdansk. Before the experiment, the players were divided into two homogeneous groups. After two weeks of an introductory common stage, each group followed a plyometric regime of different intensity. The results showed that the high-intensity program was more efficient than the low-intensity program in developing the explosive power in the volleyball players. Results: The largest significant improvement was observed for the vertical jump with arm swing (11% in HIJG and 3.8% in LISG). The strongest correlations were registered for the maximal power and the total mechanical work obtained in the Wingate test (r=0.83), and the power of jumps during attacks and blocks (r=0.78). Conclusions: The experiment confirmed high effectiveness of the training loads applied in the experiment, in particular in the high-intensity program.
The objective of this paper is to present a method for determining diurnal distribution of the intensity of effective non rainfall water flux. It was found that the application of TDR technique for the determination of diurnal dynamics of effective non rainfall water flux requires temperature correction of sensed volumetric moisture contents. Without temperature correction the error of estimated non rainfall water flux can be as much as 26%. In addition, the effect of temperature changes on the soil surface was determined in 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours periods. It was found that the intensity of effective non rainfall water flux was determined to the greatest extent by the rate of temperature drop during the period of 3 h preceding the non rainfall water flux determination. The agreement of non rainfall water flux calculated with the method proposed and that obtained by the collector was better for dew than for hoarfrost periods.
The subject of this article is the state of a benign bone disease. The principle aim of this study is the construction of a statistical model for estimating the otherwise unobservable variable for the state of the disease. The distribution of intensity of X-ray images of the affected part and the healthy part of the bone are evaluated. Quantiles of both distributions are used in the estimation of a multinomial logit model by which the variable for the state of the disease is quantified.
Precipitation and intensity of precipitation are the most important parameters of soil profile water balance. Precipitation values give the information about amount of water reaching the soil surface. Intensity of the precipitation determines the amount of water accumulated in a soil profile and the amount of runoff water. The aim of the paper was to show the importance of consideration of precipitation distribution approximation in water dynamics modelling in soil profile taking into account preferential water flow.
In 1995, observations were conducted on the intensity of the Colorado beetle on potato varieties and strains. The studies showed variation in this pest occurrence on different varieties and strains.
Eight soils were studied for adsorption reactions of zinc and evaluated for their quantity, intensity and supply parameters for zinc. With the addition of increasing amounts of zinc there was a simultaneous increase in the equilibrium concentration, adsorption, percent saturation of adsorption capacity and supply parameter of zinc. Multiple regression analysis revealed that in all soils quantity, intensity and equilibrium concentration were the main parameters accounting for the supply of zinc. Sandy loam, loamy and loamy sand soils having comparatively higher values for the adsorption maxima, bonding energy constant and differential buffering capacity of the soils will require higher rates of zinc to change in the solution concentration.
The paper aimed at defining the specific biochemical parameters, as well as the use of treatment methods, according to types and intensity of the clinical signs of non-complicated hypophosphataemia in cows. The investigations were carried out on 300 HF cows in 15 herds in the Lublin Region. The mean milk yield in the herds was 36.8 ±2.8 dl. The cows were 3-9 years old and had a similar diet ratio. The animals with hypophosphataemia symptoms in the early stadium (2-7 d) were divided into three groups according to the intensity of clinical signs whereas the control group consisted of cows with no clinical signs of the illness. The inorganic phosphorus (Pi), total Ca, total Mg, K, Fe, total protein, Cu, bilirubin, FFA, and creatinine concentrations, as well as AST and AP activity, were determined in serum and plasma. The animals with markedly exhibited signs (recumbency and tremor) showed significantly decreased Pi, Mg, and FFA contents and simultaneously increased activity of AST and AP. In the group exhibiting minimal signs (group I), there were no significant disturbances in homeostasis except the low Pi concentration, so it was possible to use the specialised phosphorus preparations in the treatment. In the other groups (II, III), which exhibited more marked signs of the illness, it was necessary to improve the parenchymal organs functions in addition to phosphorus level normalisation.
Thirty-four donkeys from Henan Province, China, were examined at necropsy for strongyloid nematodes in the caecum (February 2006 to January 2007). Twenty-two species, including 18 Cyathostominae (small strongyles) and 4 Strongylinae (large strongyles), were identified. The five most prevalent Cyathostominae were Cylicocyclus nassatus (73.5%), Coronocyclus labratus (70.6%), Coronocyclus labiatus (67.6%), Cyathostomum tetracanthum (61.8%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (52.9%), accounting for 70.2% of all species identified; C. labratus (124.2 ± 256.4), Cyathostomum tetracanthum (96.4 ± 210.5) and Cylicocyclus nassatus (80.9 ± 117.1) had the greatest mean abundance, whereas Strongylus vulgaris was the most prevalent (88.2%) of the Strongylinae and had the highest mean abundance (34.9 ± 37.8). The numbers of species per donkey ranged from 1 to 15 (with a median of 7.1). Only a small percentage (5.9%) of donkeys were infected by a single species, whereas the other donkeys had infections with multiple species.
The objective of this study was to obtain primary information on the occurrence of blood parasites and intensity of infection in the Dunnock Prunella modularis in the montane region of Slovakia. Altogether 109 birds were examined during the years 2006–2010. The occurrence of Haemoproteus sp., Leucocytozoon fringillinarum and Trypanosoma sp. was documented. Blood parasite prevalences of 45% by microscopic examination and 55% by PCR diagnostics were found. The prevalence of Leucocytozoon sp. was found to be dependent on host sex with males showing a significantly higher intensity of infection with Leucocytozoon. Adult birds showed significantly higher infection prevalence than subadults. The prevalences of both Leucocytozoon sp. and Haemoproteus sp. were significantly dependent on bird age. The intensity of infection with Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon was positively correlated and higher intensity of infection was confirmed in adult birds then in subadults birds. The prevalence of blood parasites in our samples was significantly higher in comparison to most other studies from different countries of Europe conducted at lower altitudes, indicating that the montane zone is especially favourable for the transmission of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus species.
The research issue focuses on potential interception, which is the maximum amount of water that can be stored on plant surface. Tests under controlled conditions remain the best way to enhance knowledge on interception determinants in forest communities. Such tests can provide data for identification of mathematical models based on ecological criteria. The study presented in this paper concerned tree interception under simulated rain in a range from 2 to 11 mm/h. To perform the experiment a set of sprinklers was designed and built. The study included two deciduous species: beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.). Descriptive characteristic and nonlinear estimation were suggested for the obtained data. Interdependence of potential interception, the intensity of rain and the size of raindrops were described using exponential equation. The intensity and drop size of simulated rainfall significantly influence the obtained values of potential interception. Data analysis shows a decrease of interception value with an increase of intensity of simulated rainfall for both analysed species. Every run of the experiment that differed in the intensity and size of raindrops reached an individual level of potential interception and time needed to realize it. The formation of ability of plants to intercept water depends both on the dynamics and the time of spraying.
A fatty acid (FA) profile was determined in two repeations of superficial and intermuscular fat derived from legs of 64 lambs. More favourable profile of both types of fats was obtained in the intensive fattening, mainly owing to a higher content of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Body weight of lambs (20-30 vs. 30-40 kg) had no effect on FA profile, with the tendency, however, of being more favourable in lambs fattened to lower body weight. Lambs’ sex differentiated their FA profile to a limited range, with the tendency of being more favourable in ram- than in ewe-lambs, mainly owing to the higher PUFA content. The location of fat deposited within the leg did not differentiate the composition of FA (including CLA content), with lower cholesterol content of superficial than intermuscular fat.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the level of agronomic practice on the content of N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and Ca in linseed seed cultivars (cv. Szafir and Oliwin) sown at a row spacing of 15 cm or 25 cm. A field experiment was carried out in 2010–2012. on mixed rendzina soil. The agronomic practice applied differed in the dosage of nitrogen (40, 60 or 80 kg N ha-1) and in weed control (A. without herbicides; B. with two herbicides, C. with three herbicides). The cultivar Szafir was characterised by a significantly higher content of nitrogen than cv. Oliwin, which in turn had a higher manganese content. The content of potassium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in seeds was higher when flax was sown at the narrower row spacing (15 cm) compared to the 25 cm row spacing. A similar relationship was determined for nitrogen, iron and calcium, but statistical verification did not confirm the significance of these differences. The level of agrotechnology in linseed crop cultivation did not influence the seed concentration of the elements. A slightly higher content of the elements in seeds was detected in the treatments where extensive (40 kg N ha-1, without herbicides) and medium intensive technology (60 kg N ha-1, Linurex 50 WP, Fusilade Forte 150 EC) were used, compared to intensive technology (80 N ha-1, Linurex 50 WP, Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Glean 75 WG). A slightly higher content of Fe and Ca was determined in seeds harvested from the plots where the intensive technology was used. Weather conditions significantly affected the content of K, Mg, Zn and Mn in linseed seeds
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