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Farming systems strongly affect soil humus. In this study some humus characteristics were used to compare the humus quantity and quality under two different farming systems. The field experiment was established in 1990 on an Orthic Luvisols in Slovakia. A higher content of organic carbon (CT) in topsoil (13.1 g‧kg⁻¹) was recorded in soil under ecological farming where only organic manures were applied rather than in topsoil from integrated farming (12.5 g‧kg⁻¹) where both organic and inorganic fertilisers were applied. The quality of humus (HA : FA ratio) was similar in soils under both farming systems. Humic acids (HA) were isolated and analyzed for elemental composition, UV-VIS spectra and thermal properties. HA extracted from soil under ecological farming, as compared with HA from soil under integrated system, were characterised by a lower value of the H : C ratio and by a higher degree of internal oxidation. It shows that HA from ecological farming have higher aromaticity, humification degree and therefore are of a higher quality than HA from integrated farming. A higher aromaticity of humic acids from soil under ecological farming was confirmed by lower values of absorbance ratios (A2/6, A2/4 and A4/6) compared with the other HAs analyzed. The degree of aliphaticity determined thermogravimetrically was lower in HA from ecological farming, as compared with the integrated one, and it confirmed the results of spectral and elemental analyses referring to a higher humic acids quality in ecological farming.
Negative impacts from application of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture have been observed since the mid-20th century, when their use rapidly increased. This led to decrease in the number of species connected to the agricultural landscape. So-called integrated farming practices are currently being introduced that aim to mitigate negative impacts on the environment and to stabilize the numbers of wild flora and fauna. A number of studies have examined the positive influence of integrate and organic farming as modern agricultural practices in a European perspective. The positive impact of these practices is particularly evident in plants and invertebrates studied in Italy, Austria, Germany and the UK, for example. There is little such data from Central and Eastern Europe, however, even as the region has specific environmental conditions due especially to the more moderate impact of agriculture there during the second half of the 20th century. In this study, we compared the numbers of herbal and bird species on crop fields and meadows managed with conventional versus integrated systems in Southern and Central Bohemia, the Czech Republic. Our analysis included also the effects of land parcel size, position within these parcels and presence of other habitat elements (ditch, tree, field roads, dunghill, field margins – boundaries, bushes, fallow area) in the vicinity of study plots. We found that herbal communities were significantly more species-rich on lands with integrated farming and similar results were obtained in the case of birds, except there was a non-significant effect of integrated farming on bird species richness in meadows. In addition, the species richness of plants decreased as land parcel size increased. In conclusion, herbal and bird communities were shown to benefit more distinctively from integrated farming in Central Europe, where this effect is not considered unambiguous due to the higher overall habitat heterogeneity and historically lower burdening of farmland with pesticides and fertilizers. The results support the idea that it makes sense even here to introduce integrated forms of agricultural practice.
W pracy scharakteryzowano płodozmian w różnych systemach gospodarowania (konwencjonalnym, integrowanym i ekologicznym). Szczegółowo omówiono rolę płodozmianu w rolnictwie integrowanym. Wykazano, że najwyższą efektywność ekonomiczną zapewniają płodozmiany złożone z 3-5 gatunków roślin. Podkreślono, że ważnym elementem zmianowania w rolnictwie integrowanym są rośliny motylkowate poprawiające bilans substancji organicznej i azotu w glebie. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie uprawy między plonów w ograniczaniu strat azotu z gleby w okresie jesienno-zimowym. Na podstawie badań podjętych w ostatnich latach wykazano, że tylko wielostronne płodozmiany stwarzają szansę znacznego ograniczenia zużycia nawozów azotowych i pestycydów bez wyraźnego spadku plonów.
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