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Phaseolus aureus Roxb. was exposed to Hg and Cd separately at different stages/ages of its development, viz. seed germination stage and seedling stages (4th and 6th day). The responses, besides being metal specific, were also age-dependent. The root growth study at germination stage treatment (GST) revealed Hg to be more toxic than Cd, but, in contrast, at seedling stage treatment (SST) with seedlings more than 5 days old, while Cd killed all the seedlings at 30 µM concentration, Hg did not even at 200 µM. Among the enzymes studied, catalase showed greater metal specific and age-dependent responses than the peroxidases. Both the metals significantly increased the levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids at GST (25 µM Hg/Cd) and 4th day SST (20 µM Hg/Cd), but not at 6th day SST (20 µM Hg/Cd). The photosynthetic O₂ evolution rate expressed as per unit chlorophyll (chl) decreased irrespective of the treatment stages, and also the metals; however, when expressed as per unit f. w., it was inhibited only at 6th day SST, exclusively by Cd. It seems that plants, unlike animals, are capable of facing challenges of metals more at younger than at older stages of their development, probably by mechanisms very different from those genetically controlled.
The activation effect of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae autolysis was examined under standard conditions with addition of certain compounds: organic acids, vitamins, sugars, inorganic salts, ethanol, and their mixtures. The efficiency of autolysis in the presence of mixed activators (glucose/ethanol/sodium chloride in the concentration of 0.5/1.0/1% by wt.), increased by 50%, or by 80% when 0.15% chitosan solution was applied. These figures are related to the amount of protein expelled in spontaneous autolysis. The highest increase of protein liberated from yeast cells, above 100%, was obtained when the process was activated with organic acids at the concentration of 0.5%.
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