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After years of scientific and public discussion concerning a temperature rise resultant from human activity and the on-going industrialisation, the global warming has become an evident fact. The effect of the temperature rise and the climate change will surely alter epidemiological aspects of some infectious diseases. In this review, we try to analyse various data concerning the impact of global warming on the spread of infectious diseases caused by bacterial, viral and protozoan agents. Certainly, it is extremely important for veterinarians and public health that some diseases have altered in their epidemiological aspects and distribution. Some new diseases may emerge; others, previously endemic, may migrate to new geographical regions. The review is focused on pathogens important to both humans and livestock, such as malaria, dengue, bluetongue, West Nile virus, tick-born diseases and infectious diarrhoeas. There are still few scientific papers on the subject, because of numerous difficulties involved in conducting such studies, such as their long time of duration, multiple factors involved in such predictions, and complicated mathematical models containing climate and epidemiological data.
Insecticides have leading role in reduction of population of arthropods, especially vectors of infectious diseases. Efficacy of insecticides is usually proved on biological material and described after adjusting the values of parameters in some “theoretical” function to the experimental results. In the standard approach, such function is described by probit regression. However, in some cases reaction of the population on pesticide differs from those which could be described by the probit regression curve and the results could not be properly assessed. The aim of this study was to elaboratie a practical tool for evaluating insecticide/acaricide efficacy, more universal than classical probit calculation. Software performing analysis was created using R 2.13.1 statistical software.
Introduction. Nowadays, preventive vaccination is still the most effective method of countering and combating infectious diseases. Objective. The objective of the present study was to take into consideration the education of the respondents while learning about their views and attitudes towards both compulsory and recommended preventive vaccination in Poland. Materials and methods. An interview survey was conducted among 370 respondents – students and young parents residing in the Lublin province of eastern Poland. The research tools were an authors’ questionnaire and a Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOS-29). Results. The majority of respondents with secondary education (77.40%), undergraduate education (63.71%), and graduate education (55.07%) stated that sometimes preventive vaccination may have life-threatening consequences. A very small percentage of both groups of respondents with secondary and undergraduate education expressed the opinion that such situations often happen (1.69% vs. 1.61%), but this opinion was not shared by any of the respondents with graduate education. Analyzing the dependency between the sense of coherence and one’s level of education, a significant difference between the respondents with secondary education and undergraduate education was observed. Although differences between respondents with graduate education and respondents with undergraduate education existed, they were not very significant. Conclusions. The educational background of the respondents has an impact on their opinions on preventive vaccination. The great majority of respondents believed that vaccination is necessary in order to avoid many dangerous diseases. Respondents with graduate education evaluated preventive vaccination in a positive or a very positive way. The subjects differed in their global sense of coherence together with its components. The general sense of coherence stood at an average level, with the mean of 129.02 points. The highest results were obtained by the respondents in the area of resourcefulness, which is a belief that they had at their disposal remedial resources, including preventive vaccination.
The paper describes avian tuberculosis in a captive bred cassowary. A two-and-a-half-year-old bird was obtained by a Polish zoo in 2010 from the Netherlands under conditions compliant with the recommendations of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. Despite being of small size for the age, the bird appeared healthy and showed no signs of the disease until the day when it was found recumbent in its pen. Later on it was euthanised due to lack of treatment possibilities. Pathological changes typical of avian tuberculosis were found in the liver and spleen. Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium was cultured from both organs.
The purpose of the study was to compare flow cytometric and haematologic variables in dogs with spontaneous endometritis pyometra complex (EPC) treated with aglepristone to healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells: CD3, CD4, CD8, and B lymphocytes (CD21) were analysed by flow cytometry and white blood cell count. Significant differences were observed (P≤0.01) between control (C) and study (S) group in the total number of leukocytes, monocytes and granulocyte populations (without lymphocytes) on beginning, after 7 d, and return to reference value after 14 d of the treatment. The percentage of the T-cell (CD3+) at the beginning was 47.22 ±9.64% of total lymphocytes, in contrast to B lymphocytes (CD21+) that represented the smallest percentage of 14.24 ±7.74% (P≤0.01). The percentage of the lymphocytes CD4+ was 27.42 ±5.53% and CD8+ was 25.18 ±4.36%. The percentage of CD3+ lymphocytes was increasing throughout the experiment in group C and gradually decreased in group S from 14th to 28th d of dioestrus. No differences in the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD21+ lymphocytes between group C and S on the 14th and 28th d of dioestrus (P≥0.05) were observed. The number of CD8+ cells in group S decreased gradually from day 14 to 28 but no statistical differences were noted. Treatment of pyometra with aglepristone decreased the number of leukocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes to referential value but statistically significant influence on the level of subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes was not observed. The results enabled to estimate for the first time the number of lymphocyte subpopulations in dioestrus in both healthy bitches as well as in those suffering from pyometra.
Prompt and accurate diagnosis is necessary to start adequate treatment for different affecting species including P. falciparum and P. vivax. Here we described the Wondfo Rapid diagnostic Kit (Pf-HRP2/PAN-pLDH) for the detection of P. falciparum and pan-plasmodium in patient specimen by using a nano-gold immunochromatographic assay. Our rapid assay adapted nano-gold labeling techniques and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against both histidine rich protein-2 (Pf HRP-2) of P. falciparum and pan plasmodium-specific pLDH (pan pLDH). The established two-antibody sandwich immunochromatographic assay could detect P. falciparum and pan-plasmodium. The sensitivity and specificity of Wondfo rapid diagnostic kit were determined by comparing with the “gold standard” of microscopic examination of blood smears. In this study1023 blood samples were collected from outpatient clinics in China and Burma, and detected by both Wondfo kit and microscopic examination. The detection sensitivity and specificity of Wondfo rapid diagnostic kit were 96.46% and 99.67% for P. falciparum (HRP2), 95.03% and 99.24% for pLDH, 96.83% and 99.74% for non-falciparum species, 96.70% and 99.74% for P. vivax, respectively. These results indicate that Wondfo rapid diagnostic assay may be useful for detecting P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum (especially P.v.) in patient specimen.
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