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The montane glades in the Polish Carpathians were created centuries ago and have lasted mainly as a result of mowing and grazing. The observed abandonment of traditional methods of tillage in the last century led to adverse changes in vegetation cover, including a decrease in floristic diversity and the disappearance of many plant species and associations. One of a rare mountain taxa in Poland is the alpine globeflower Trollius altissimus Crantz. The investigations were carried out between June and September 2014 in the Hala Długa glade (Gorce Mts.) at two 36 m² plots: extensively grazed (P1) and unmanaged (P2). Light intensity, abundance and density of individuals and ramet clusters were significantly greater in the extensively grazed plot, whereas height of plant canopy, length of basal leaf petioles, width of leaf lamina, number and length of generative stems, number of flowers and follicles achieved higher values in the unmanaged plot. The structure of developmental stages and number of basal leaves did not differ remarkably between the studied sites. Also, the soil properties in both plots were very similar. The studies show that extensive sheep grazing has a positive influence on Trollius altissimus. In the studied locality such management contributes to the gradual spreading of this species. However, too intensive pasturage might eliminate this species as it has never been observed in any of the permanently grazed patches in the vicinity.
The most cases of statistically significant differences between bull calves of different were found in rearing stations where the traits formed at a more favourable level. The investigated traits for all genotype groups of bulls assumed significantly different values in particular years of rearing. Crosses (BW × HF) reached higher body weight and higher daily weight gains than the inland BW bulls. The height at withers depended on the genotype and the interaction: genotype x rearing year. The bulls were the taller the greater was the HF blood addition. The chest girth depended on the genotype and rearing year The smallest was recorded in the BW bulls. The measurement coefficient depended, first of all, on the genotype. The highest values of this index were found for BW bulls; the higher was the HF blood addition the lower was the massiveness index. To the A and B class the lowest number of BW bulls was assigned, whereas the highest number of bulls assigned to these classes was of bulls of the genotype of 50% and 75% HF.
Investigations were carried out in rearing station in Mrozowo on 92 bull calves. In the first year of life blood samples were collected every month and level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrits, total protein and its fractions, urea, nitrogen a-amine, AspAT, ALAT, AP, glucose, cholesterol and bilirubin were analysed. Usefulness for reproduction was defined by quantity and quality of semen obtained from bulls it 12-th month of life. Results were combined in correlative pairs and subjected to analysis of multiple regression. Occurence of great fluctuations of calculated correlation coeflicients (from positive to negative) and deficiency of longer periods with constant level of relationship suggest that examined blood indices are rather useless in prognosing semen quality.
A review of performance testing of the dual-purpose yearling bulls in Poland in the period of 1971 - 1989 is given. Evolution of testing and selection methods in the above period are discussed. Considering the results of all papers presented in the present issue a general conclusion is drawn about the necessity of BLUP method introduction in estimation of breeding value of performance tested bulls.
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