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A protocol for in vitro propagation of Isodon wightii (Bentham) H. Hara from nodal segments was developed. Multiple shoots were successfully established on half strength MS medium supplemented with 4.4 µM BA. Enhancement of shoot multiplication and elongation was achieved on half strength MS medium supplemented with 4.4 µM BA and 1.4 µM GA₃. The regenerated shoots were rooted successfully on half strength MS medium supplemented with 4.9 µM IBA. Acclimatization of in vitro rooted shoots was successful. The in vitro regenerated plants grew well in the greenhouse without any phenotypic changes.
July and September. The most efficient regeneration and axillary multiplication were achieved on the medium supplemented with meta-topolin. The application of BAP caused a lower regeneration potency of explants and resulted in a decrease of shoot quality with every subculture. Four of the six cultivars showed growth inhibition after three months of growth on BAP-medium. The highest multiplication rate (2.7-4.7 depending on genotype) and the high quality of shoots were noted on the medium supplemented with mT (0.5-1.0 mg l-1). It is also very important to note that mT had stimulating effect on organogenesis in P. × hederaefolium and P. × hortorum cultivars over the long term. Moreover, meta-topolin had no after-effect on the growth and inhibition of rooting. Only one cultivar ("Sofie Cascade") rooted better on control medium without auxin. In case of the other cultivars, IBA added in concentrations of 0.01-0.1 mg l-1 had a stimulating effect on root production. The higher level of auxin inhibited root formation, stimulated senescence of shoots and had a negative after-effect on acclimatization in greenhouse conditions.
Cichorium intybus is edible, medicinal and forage plant. The pharmaceutical raw materials were obtained from wild chicory (var. silvestre). Currently, farmers are increasingly assume plantations of wild chicory, and breeders are attempting to produce cultivars for medicinal purposes. In the modern breeding of chicory important feature is the ability to clonal propagation in vitro culture. The aim of our study was to assess capacity of natural population of wild chicory for plant regeneration from leaf explants. In the first was examined the effect of 16 combinations of various concentrations of IAA and 2iP on the regeneration of shoots from leaf explants (0.5 cm2 ). After that, 25 plants were propagated on the medium which was found as optimal. Then, their callus growth and shoots regeneration capacities were compared. Later on, was examined the effect of various IAA concentrations on the rooting of shoots. The majority of the shoots was regenerated from callus but direct organogenesis was also observed (8%). Shoot regeneration was found to be the most efficient on MS medium containing 0.5 mg dm-3 IAA and 4 mg dm-3 2iP – 97% of the explants produced shoots, while the average number of shoots was 15.5. The amount of callus was found to be a highly heritable trait (h2 = 0.83). Lower the heritability coefficients were obtained for the number of shoots per explant (0.55) and the average shoot weight (0.40). The wild chicory shoots rooted easily. The number and weight of roots increased with the increasing concentration of IAA.
Yucca elephantipes is an important commercial ornamental pot plant, excellent for growing in flats, patios or winter gardens. Traditional vegetative propagation of the most decorative yuccas is complicated due to a very low rate of propagation, so in vitro culture is an alternative method for commercial propagation of these plants. The influence of BA (0.4, 2.2, 4.4, 11.1, 22.2 µM) and TDZ (0.5, 2.3, 4.5, 11.4, 22.7 µM) on shoot multiplication of Yucca elephantipes Regel on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was studied. Explants cultured on medium without growth substances were used as a control. The two types of explants used in the experiment: shoot tips and nodal segments of shoots, were obtained from aseptically grown shoot clusters. When comparing regeneration capability of 2 types of Yucca elephantipes explants, it was found that more newly formed shoots and roots were obtained from nodes. The highest formation of shoots was obtained from nodes on MS medium supplemented with 4.5 µM TDZ or 11.1 and 22.2 µM BA (6.5, 6.0, 5.8, respectively). The shoots regenerated from nodes showed best elongation. On the control medium and on the media with the lowest level of BA or TDZ, their average length was 31.0–37.8 mm. The growth regulator-free medium and the media with a low level of BA were the most effective in inducing roots.
The influence of sucrose (5, 10, 20, 30 g l-1), nitrogen salts - KNO3, NH4NO3 (25%, 50%, 100% in relation to the MS medium) and temperature (15 °C, 20 °C) on the growth of the main shoot and the activation and development of axillary buds in Syringa vulgaris in vitro was investigated. Different ratios of sucrose/nitrogen salts in the MS medium had a limited effect on the length of the main shoot of lilac plantlets. Also, the concentration of sucrose and nitrogen salts in the medium did not signifi­cantly affect the formation of nodes on the main or axillary shoots. The outgrowth of axillary shoots depended on the sucrose and nitrogen salts concentrations and tem­perature. Among the various sucrose/nitrogen salts relations, the highest number of axillary shoots (4.2) was found in the plantlets growing at a temperature of 20 °C, on a medium with a low level of sucrose (5 g l-1) and 100% strength of KNO3 and NH4NO3. Increased levels of sucrose in the medium significantly reduced the devel­opment of axillary buds in lilac plantlets growing at either temperature. By contrast, high levels of sucrose increased the fresh weight of lilac shoots. Different levels of nitrogen salts in the medium containing the same level of sucrose had no significant effect on the fresh weight of lilac shoots. On the other hand, at all levels of sucrose, the increased strength of nitrogen salts in the culture medium significantly enhanced the emergence and growth of axillary shoots. Increased strength of nitrogen salts in the medium appeared to counteract, at least partially, the inhibitory effect of a high sucrose level on the growth of axillary buds in Syringa vulgaris. There was clearly an interaction between the levels of sucrose and nitrogen salts such that a medium with a low sucrose to nitrogen ratio promoted axillary branching, whereas a medium with a high sucrose to nitrogen ratio inhibited the growth of axillary shoots. The different ratios of sucrose/nitrogen salts in the MS medium and the temperature affected the morphology of lilac plantlets. Increased supply of sucrose strongly stimulated leafsurface area, but the levels of nitrogen salts had a limited effect on leaf size. The plant- lets cultured at a temperature of 15 °C had bigger leaves than the plantlets at 20 °C. Low-sucrose treatments, irrespective of the level of nitrogen salts, induced a compact and branched habit of shoots and inhibited root formation. Increasing sucrose content in the medium resulted in a spontaneous formation of roots on the plantlets cultured in the presence of low levels of nitrogen salts.
Explants of apical buds of sandy everlasting Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench sterilized with calcium hypochlorite – Ca(OCl₂) were placed onto Murashige- -Skoog (MS) growth medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN (kinetin) in two consecutive passages. To optimize the procedure of in vitro micropropagation, the axillary shoots of Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench were transferred during the third passage onto 9 different combinations of MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs-free medium), with different concentrations of KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) and KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) (0.5 mg dm⁻³). The highest mean number of shoots (24.7) was observed on MS medium with 5 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN and 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA. The achieved branched shoots were rooted and acclimatized. Rhizogenesis was intensified by the presence of growth hormones: 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA or 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IBA (indole-3-butyric acid). At the stage of acclimation of plantlets the application of a water solution of MS salts (25%) for watering the plants increased the efficacy of plant acclimation from 56 to 75%.
In vitro coffee seedlings were exposed to an electromagnetic field (EMF) of 2 mT during 3 minutes in establishment, multiplication, and acclimazation phases. Shoot and root lengths and leaf pair numbers of treated groups increased when compared to control; in addition to SOD, CAT, and APX activities of in vitro-treated groups showed a decrease in levels. Four months after the magnetic treatment was applied, the same parameters were evaluated. Shoot lengths, root lengths, the pair of leaves numbers, and CAT activity increased in treated plants. APX activity decreased in treatment seedlings, whereas SOD activity did not show a difference between experimental groups.
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