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Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from hazelnut shells using two steps of carbonization followed by steam activation. Methylene blue dye was used as a probe for evaluation of the prepared activated carbon. In order to have a better comparison, a commercial grade of activated carbon (powdered) obtained from the Merck Company has also been used in this research as standard. In this paper we have also investigated adsorption of mercuric ion by impregnated activated carbon with different chemicals. It was found that sorption of mercuric ion from aqueous solution by activated carbon can be improved by impregnating AC with suitable chemicals such as sulfur-containing compounds.
The article presents results of the research on the shrinkage of slightly degraded, freeze-dried archaeological oak-wood (Quercus sp.). Before drying, samples of wood were treated with 10, 20, and 30% water solutions of PEG 300, PEG 4000, and sucrose, as well as the mixture of both polyglycols. Dimensional changes in tangential, radial, and longitudinal directions were determined immediately after freeze-drying, and then, after seasoning of the freeze-dried samples in the air at RH 44 and 70%. Shrinkage of untreated and treated freeze-dried oak-wood was considerably smaller, than that of the material, which was dried naturally (ASET from 49 to 97%, ASER from 39 to 98%).
This paper presents results of investigations into possibility of using polymethyl methacrylate to reinforce wood degraded by Phellinus pini (Thore) Fr. fungus. It was found that impregnation of wood with the resin causes an increase in mechanical properties. Nevertheless this increase is relatively greater for wood degraded by biological agents than for undamaged wood. The behaviour of wood-resin system after artificial ageing in laboratory conditions was observed. The strength of wood treated with the resin was lower after artificial ageing than the strength of wood without ageing. Similar tendencies of changes were observed both in the case of wood degraded by biological agents and in the case of undamaged wood.
This paper presents the design of prototypes, methods of testing and analysis of the strength of concrete beams reinforced with rebar connections. To determine the characteristics of strength, deformation and fracture of experimental beams were tested to complete re-fracture. It is shown that it is possible to restore the strength of reinforced concrete beam by 77-90% by treatment with modern injection materials and technologies.
The effect of osmotic dehydration parameters on selected mechanical properties of apples was analyzed by applying an experimental design for four factors (compris­ing 27 measurement points) and three levels of independent variables. A compression test was performed using texture meter TA-XT2i at 1 mms-1 cross-head speed. Mech­anical properties of apples were measured as to time, after that the compression force achieved 20 N. Apples treated by mild conditions of osmotic dehydration were characterized by a shorter time to obtain a compression force of 20 N. Mechanical properties of apples after osmotic dehydration were significantly influenced mainly by temperature. Influ­ence of time and concentration of sucrose solution was also significant. Thickness of samples did not affect the studied mechanical properties of osmodehydrated apples.
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed oil (NSO) is acclaimed to have some form of insecticidal action against more than 400 insect species in at least 10 to 13 orders. The main delimitating factor in the wide acceptance of this well tested plant as a storage pest bioinsecticide is its foul sulfurous smell and bitter taste which impinges on the acceptability and marketability of treated produce. To ameliorate this shortfall, therefore, an assessment of the potential of impregnating different storage materials; [plastic containers (PLC), Bagco bags (BCB), Black polyethylene bags (BPB), white polyethylene bags (WPB) and calico bags (CAB)], with NSO in the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored Bambara seeds (Vigna subterranea L.), was conducted in the laboratory. The experiment was laid out in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement fitted into a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor A represented four concentrations of NSO (0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 ml/ 100g seed), while factor B were the five different storage materials. The treatments were replicated four times Generally, seeds stored with impregnated storage materials recorded more bruchids mortality, reduced oviposition rate, decreased number of emerged insects (F1 and F2) and had less damaged seeds (and hence decreased weevil perforation index, WPI) than the control. Concentration performance was dose related though the highest (1.50 %) did not differ statistically (P=0.05) from the medium (1.00 %) concentration. Seeds stored in BPBs had the highest mortalities, but recorded the lowest in number of eggs oviposited, egg/seed ratio, F1, F2 and cumulative emergence, respectively. These results differed significantly (P=0.05) with the seeds stored in other materials. BPB stored seeds were also the least damaged with lowest exit holes/seed, seeds with holes and WPI, respectively. The performance of BPB was closely followed by seeds stored in WPBs in all the parameters tested. Conversely, seeds stored in BCBs recorded the lowest mortalities but the highest in all other parameters assessed. Other storage materials (PLC and CAB) had better storage quality than BCB materials. Impregnation of storage materials with NSO could be a better option to direct seed application with its attendant drawback. The use of NSO impregnated black polyethylene bags, within the scope of the storage materials screened, to control damage by C. maculatus in stored Bambara seeds, should be encouraged.
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