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The article presents the goals and recommendations for specific immunoprophylaxis in poultry flocks reared in Poland. The types of vaccines applied in the immunoprophylaxis of avian diseases as well as benefits and drawbacks of live and inactivated vaccines are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the efficiency of vaccinations is determined, to a significant extent, by the route of vaccine administration and that the period between two consecutive vaccinations should not be shorter than 10-14 days. In order to achieve the desired immunizing effect, it is necessary to determine a vaccination program optimal for a given flock, farm, or rearing area of the birds. Exemplary vaccination programs used in Poland for individual bird species, taking into account the current epizootic situation, are presented. Attention is also paid to the fact that the programs of specific prophylaxis are effective on condition that avian rearing is carried out in compliance with the designed technology, age-adjusted feeding and recommendations for bio-safety measures.
This review article presents immunological issues in the course of the turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) emphasizing local immunity mechanisms, both humoral and cell-mediated, in the upper respiratory system. Studies on the influence of the humoral immunity in the course of infection and vaccinations against TRT have revealed many times the absence of correlation between the titre of specific IgY anti-aMPV (avian Metapneumovirus) antibodies in the serum and in the upper respiratory washings and the immunity against the occurrence of the clinical form of the TRT. Considering the above, T cells are increasingly often regarded as the main factor involved in the upper respiratory immunity against the TRT. However, there have been just a few reports on the role of the T cells in the local immunity processes in the infection with aMPV in turkeys. Additionally, studies of the T-cell-associated immunity against the TRT have given ambiguous results. Immunoprophylaxis issues against the aMPV infections are a significant part of the work where the authors confront current vaccination programmes against the perspectives of use of the future vaccines against the TRT. Future vaccines should face the following criteria: absence of the risk of immunosuppressive effect and reversion of vaccine strains virulence, ease-of-use combined with the possibility of administration of the vaccine to the large numbers of turkeys. The leading role in future vaccination programs for birds against the TRT is likely to be played by the in ovo technique and the recombinant vaccines. Great hopes are also linked with the development of subunit vaccines against the aMPV.
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