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The actin and the tubulin cytoskeleton organization during the differentiation of the embryo-suspensor in Alisma plantago-aquatica was studied in comparison with the development of embryo, using immunofluorescence detection and rhodamine-phalloidin assay. At the early stage of the suspensor basal cell development (from 2- to ~10-celled embryos) microfilaments form an abundant network in the cytoplasm of the basal cell, while the microtubules form a delicate network. At the mature stage of development (from a dozen to several dozen-celled embryos), in the suspensor basal cell, the microfilaments and microtubules were localized from micropylar to chalazal pole of the cell. At the micropylar end of the basal cell a high amount of actin and tubulin material was observed. The microfilaments were mainly arranged parallel whereas numerous bundles of microtubules distributed longitudinally or transversally to the long axis of the cell. At this stage of basal cell functioning, some bundles of microtubules appeared to pass close to the nucleus surface. Microtubules were also observed distributed at the chalazal pole of the basal cell. At the senescence stage of the suspensor basal cell (>100-celled embryos) the actin and tubulin filaments disorganize, some disrupted microfilaments and microtubules were observed in the cytoplasm of the basal cell. At all stages of the suspensor basal cell development in the embryo cells an extensive actin and tubulin network was observed.
Ca2+ acts as a second messenger which controls a wide variety of cellular functions. Ca2+ homeostasis is accomplished by a complex of mechanisms including pumps, ion channels and calcium buffers within storage compartments. Calreticulin is the low-affinity, high-capacity Ca2+-binding protein of most eucaryotic cells. The distribution of calreticulin was studied in isolated protoplasts and during different stages of somatic embryogenesis in carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. St Valery Lunga Rossa) suspension culture. Immunofluorescence staining of protoplasts showed the presence of calreticulin in the cytoplasm. No calreticulin was observed within vacuoles. During somatic embryogenesis calreticulin was distributed mainly in the protoderm of developing embryos in different stages.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is a substance, which can play the role of neuromediator and/or neuromodulator in nerve structures within the gastrointestinal tract. However knowledge concerning its functions and co-localisation with other neuronal factors is rather scarce. During the present investigation the co-localisation of CART and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the neurons of meyenteric plexus within the porcine transverse colon was studied using double immunofluorescence technique and semiquantitative arbitrary scale of the frequency of presence CART+/VIP+, CART+/VIP– and CART–/VIP+ neuronal cells. The most often (+++) CART–/VIP+ neurons were encountered, neurons simultaneously immunoreactive to CART and VIP were observed somewhat rarer (++) and only single (+) CART+/VIP– perikarya were visible. The present study reports for the first time on the co-localisation of CART and VIP in myenteric neurons of the porcine transverse colon. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 4: 328–332)
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