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Immunoassays (immunochemical methods - IMAs) are now being seen as useful analytical tools, and supplements to conventional analytical methods: gas chromatography - GC and high performance liquid chromatography - HPLC. Immunochemical methods provide rapid, sensitive, and cost effective analyses for a variety of environmental contaminants. The development of the methods is multidisciplinary. IMAs combine principles of immunology and chemistry into tests that are used by scientists in practically every disciplines, including fields as diverse as molecular biology and environmental science. All immunoassays rely on the interaction between an antibody as analytical reagents and a target analytes (antigen). Environmental immunoassays have been developed and evaluated for analytes including major classes of pesticides, organic compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentachlorophenols (PCPs), BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), dioxins and furans, and some inorganics, for example cadmium, lead, mercury, and microbial toxins. This paper provides an overview on the possibilites of immunoassays as a detection method for environmental contaminants. The principles and the history of the immunoassay methodology are reviewed.
Pneumocystosis (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) is a parasitic disease which in Lithuania used to be diagnosed only with the use of pathohistological methods. The aim of our study was to determine prevalence of P. carinii antibodies among children and women, using immunochemical method (ELISA) and to find out which groups of patients have higher antibody titres. We also addressed the question of infection with P. carinii among rodents. After investigating 9 species of rodents it was found that mostly infected is brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) - 42.9% of them were found infected. The least infected was bank vole (Clethrionomys glareous)- 5.9. %. The brown rat lives on hatch of domestic birds, rabbits or drinks eggs, while rodents in nature live on insects, molluscs, amphibians etc. European water voles (Arvicola terrestris) and field voles (Microtus arvalis) are vegetable feeders. Our data shows that those species of rodents were not infected with pneumocysts.
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